Civilizaciones

• History is the knowledge of the past.

• History started when the writting did.

• The Universe was created 138.billion years ago.

• Life started 600 million years ago:

Life started when an organism is able to methabolize energy, when i sable to do certain functions.

Complexity is the key for life. The simpler something is the longer it lives.

Going back to the discussion, where is life coming from?

- Life is going through a natural process guiated by nature, there is an evolution.

DARWIN

He processed the theory of evolution. “The origin of the species ” ( 1859)

Darwin didn´t want to talk about evolution because he thought that the new species weren´t neccesarily better than the older ones, they were just better ADAPTED.

Darwin said that all the species are constantly changing and adapted. They are not fixed entities.

The human being has been in the Universe for a very short period of time.

We have something that none other species have the ability to change the enviroment, we can destroy it or improve it.

“ species for darwin”

What “specie” refers to?

- A group of individuals that share common features.

- The key of this is reproduction.

- Some of the individuals have some specific variations that makes them special, they are more adapted to live on a certain enviromennt.

Natural selection

Hominids start being considered humans when they start to produce tools.

PREHISTORY: AN INTRODUCTION ( platform )

Long period without writting ( since 2.6 million of years ). But we do have evidence of the live during that period.

Some of the evidences are the tools they used or the bodies that they buried.

It last until the fourth millenium before Christ(bC) aprox.

FIRST HUMAN SOCIETIES IN AFRICA

Who were the first humans?

- The term HOMINIDE includes humans and relatives of humans.

- First hominids were called astrolopishecus. Other hominids were Ardipitheus ramidus – Etiopia –, sahelanthropos tehadensis –chad- ,

- Nowadays the Homo ergus is the first one considered as a human .

- Brain volume was about 900 cm3

- Modern face

- Mandible not so robust

- Sexual dimorphism

- Post cronial skeleton looks quite modern

Our cultural behaviour makes us different from other species.

MAIN PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN EVOLUTION

o The first of the main processes related to human evolution is that the brain became bigger and more complex. Therefore, humans were able to do and process more complicated things. We have the ability of creation.

o Bipedalism ( why? To be able to make tools..

o Language

CONCLUSION :

First humans had an african origin.

Previous hominids also had a cultural behaviour.

Main processes related to Human Evolution are Bipedalism, the origin of Language and Brain evolution .

The leaky family has given a lot of information about the humanity´s origin by reseraching in diffent places of Africa.

- climate change is one of the markers of human population, because of the changes they moved place from Africa for finding a place where climatologic conditions were better of living.

- The motivation to explore we have always been curious and wanted to know more.

- Need of space due to an expanding population. Survival is a cause of looking forward to reproduce (increasing of population increases the changes to survive ).

- The improvement of technology create things and be able to improve their functionality).

- Collective learning ( you learn by experience helped by bigger brain and afterwards share it ) -> benefits for the entire group

Living with more people has more advanteges than living on your own, such as sharing experience, being capable of creating their own culture. It also helps in defence, they lived in a different envioroment and had to be protected from attacks. A very big disadvantage, when the group gets bigger the structure of the group becomes divided by power. ( Someone wanting to be more powerful than others).

Consecuences of the migrations:

- Different cultures. There´s a process of creating specifical local structures, even if we have the same origin, we distinguish from the original group by changing features . ( we were separated and “never met again” till colonization in 1492 AD ) -> Discover of America.

NEOLITIC

Definition: since lubbock (XIX th century until the present )

- improvement of tools and lifestyle.

The <<neolization>> : two process -> biological and social, crearly linked

1. biological

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