Normas Formato American Psychological Association

American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition style examples

APA style is an author-date citation style. It was developed mainly for use in psychology, but has also been adopted by other disciplines.

There are two major components to the APA author-date style – the in-text author-date citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document, e.g. (Smith, 2010), and the detailed reference list at the end of the document. All in-text citations must have a corresponding reference list entry, and the converse applies for reference list entries.

Use the following instructions and examples as guide for your own referencing using the APA style. This guide is based on more detailed information in:

• American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington D.C.: Author.

In text citing: General notes

• Insert an in-text citation: o When your work has been influenced by someone else’s work, for example:

When you directly quote someone else’s work

When you paraphrase someone else’s work

• The in-text citation consists of: o author surname(s) (in the order that they appear on the actual publication), followed by the year of publication of the source that you are citing. o Include page or paragraph numbers for direct quotes, and for paraphrasing where appropriate

• The in-text citation is placed immediately after the text which refers to the source being cited

• If quoting or citing a source which is cited within another, secondary reference, mention the source with the secondary reference details: e.g. Smith (as cited in Jones, 2010). Only the secondary reference should be included in the reference list.

Reference list: General notes

• Begin your reference list on a new page and title it ‘References.’ Centre the title on the page.

• Double-space your reference list and have a hanging indent

a hanging indent is where the first line of each reference is fully left justified while subsequent lines are indented to the right. The width of the hanging indent should be 5-7 spaces or 1.25 cm. Hanging indents and double spacing are set by the word processors

• All of the references in the reference list must also be cited in the text.

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• All references cited in text must also be included in the reference list (exceptions are unpublished items such as correspondence).

• List the references in alphabetical order by author surname/family name.

• Where there are two articles with the same authors and date, order the references alphabetically by article title and add a letter suffix to the year of publication (e.g. 2003a, 2003b…).

• Provide organisation names in full, unless they are obviously recognisable as abbreviations (e.g. APA for American Psychological Association).

• Do not add full stops to URLs (e.g. http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/)

• Check the reference details against the actual source – you are indicating that you have read a source when you cite it.

• Be consistent with your referencing style across the document.

Author layout guidance

Where a publication has:

List authors in the reference list as:

one author Author, A. A. two authors Author, A. A., & Author B. B. three to seven authors Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., & Author, G. G. eight or more authors – list first six authors, add three ellipses and the last author Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F.,…Author, Z. Z. no author Transfer the title to the author space a group author Spell the name out

Digital Object Identification (doi) and URLs:

• The digital object identifier (doi) is a unique identifier, and should be provided in the reference where it is available. This alphanumeric string is usually located on the first page with other referencing elements in both print and electronic articles. If no doi is available for an electronic article, provide the URL information in the reference.

• Some other resources, such as books, may also have dois, which should be used where available.

Example of doi location

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In text citations

Example In -text citation Single author ...This was seen in an Australian study (Conger, 1979). OR Conger (1979) has argued that... OR In 1979, Conger conducted a study which showed that… Two authors ...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002). OR Davidson and Harrington (2002)... Three to five authors Cite all names and publication year the first time, thereafter only the first name followed by et al. The first time cited:

...(Brown, Smith, & Jones, 1990). Brown, Smith, and Jones (1990)...

thereafter: ...(Brown et al., 1990). Brown et al. (1990)...

Six or more authors

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

and the

year from the first citation. Provide all six author names (followed by et al. if more authors) in the reference list. .... (Jones et al., 2003). Jones et al. (2003)...

Different authors: same surname

Add initials to the authors names to distinguish them

P.R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) ... (Jones & S.A. Brown, 1961) to distinguish from (W.O. Brown & Smith, 1985).

Multiple authors : ambiguous citations

If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction.

...(Brown, Smith, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Brown, Taylor, et al., 1998).

Multiple works : by same author

When cited together give the author's surname once followed by the years of each publication, which are separated by a comma.

... (Stairs, 1992, 1993). Stairs (1992, 1993)...

Multiple works by same author AND same year

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, suffixes (a, b, c, etc.) are added to the year.

Allocation of the suffixes is determined by the order of the references in the reference list. Suffixes are also included in the reference list, and these references are listed alphabetically by title. If cited together, list by suffix as shown below.

Stairs (1992b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 1992a). ...(Stairs, 1992a, 1992b).

If author name is given as 'anonymous'

Use Anonymous as the author's name.

... (Anonymous, 1997).

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Unknown author Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article or a chapter use double quotation marks. If the title is from a periodical, book brochure or report then use italics.

...the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968).

Corporate or group of authors If organization is recognized by abbreviation, cite the first time as follows:

... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2005)

thereafter

... (AIHW, 2005).

If abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time:

... (Australian Research Council, 1996).

Multiple references List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.

... (Burst, 1995; Turner & Hooch, 1982; Zane, 1976).

Citing specific parts of a source

For a direct quote the page number(s) must be given. Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, etc. as specifically as possible. Use accepted abbreviations, i.e. p. for page, para . for paragraph..

As one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45).

Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45).

This theory was put forward by Smith (2005, chap. 7)

Quote from an electronic source

Where page numbers are not provided use paragraph numbers. ...(Sturt, 2001, para. 2)

Personal communication: for email and other 'unrecoverable' data

Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

... (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2002). R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2002)...

Citation of a secondary source (i.e. a source referred to in another publication)

In the reference list you ONLY include the details of the source you actually read - not the original source. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988).

... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988). Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ... Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...

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Reference List

Scholarly Articles

Type of article Reference list example Where a doi is available Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page-page. doi:xxxx

Single author Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.

Psychological Bulletin, 126 (6), 910-924.

doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.126.6.910

Two to seven authors

Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making

and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10 (3), 295-307.

...