He gathers the theoretical fundamental elements to be able to understand the scientific contemporary panorama.

The Canon: NEW SCIENCE GUIDE

Yesida julian triana sanchez

Ing industrial

47162046

Bogota Colombia

Ytriana46@unisalle.edu.co

Abstract— New Guide to Science is a book published by Isaac Asimov where he gives an extensive account of scientific discoveries in all fields of science.
Reading it is easy and the topics are narrated brilliantly starting from the earliest knowledge on the subject
In each theme he describes the discoveries that have taken place, narrating the context of the time, the achievements and attempts of the scientist who made them, and includes some of the scientific subject itself, a superficial explanation of that sometimes non-superficial topic of science, But when dealing with all fields of science, it is obviously difficult to go much deeper

Keywords— scientific; brilliantly ; includes ;

1. Introduction

He gathers the theoretical fundamental elements to be able to understand the scientific contemporary panorama. It is a question, nevertheless, neither of a book of text nor of an encyclopedia: it is, in the noblest sense of the term, a book of spreading. His intention is to bring over the not specialized, but interested or curious readers, all those aspects of the ci gums that are considered to be indispensable to interpret the technological culture in which we live. At the same time, thanks to the way like Asimov it exhibits is you basic beginning, the work fills the emptiness produced by one in s with the History that, probably excessively centred on political, military and economic aspects and on the culture of the arts and the letters, it has been in the habit of isolating to the scientific culture. In this sense, the ten chapters that make up this first volume allow us to know in a coherent way how the ideas of humanity have evolved on such important topics as the Universe, Earth, matter, waves or technology

Chapter5

The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%) surrounding the Earth. High above the planet, the atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. It is divided into five layers. Most weather and cloud states are in the first layer. The atmosphere is an important part of what makes it possible for the Earth to be habitable. It blocks and prevents some of the sun's dangerous rays from reaching Earth. It catches the heat, making the Earth a pleasant temperature. And the oxygen inside our atmosphere is essential for life. Over the last century, greenhouse gases and other pollutants thrown into the atmosphere have been causing major changes such as global warming, ozone holes and acid rain.

Gases that make up the air

Now, beyond the chemical dispositions that the human being has been identifying around the air, it is necessary to begin to make the clarification that in fact the air is a combination formed by equal elements (gases) that we can find in The Earth's atmosphere, which are Nitrogen, Oxygen and other substances.

Air Composition

Nitrogen (N2) comprises 78%, Oxygen only 21% and the remaining 1% are: Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen (H2), Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne) (N2O), Carbon monoxide (CO), Xenon (Xe), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Nitrogen dioxide (N2O), Helium (He), Methane (CH4), Krypton , Iodine (I2), Ammonia (NH3). Water Vapor (H2O) is not counted as dry air.

On the other hand and in strict terms of survival for the human species, the close relationship that is kept with the air will be measured because what we can get to breathe is at a height of 7 km from the poles, and in The tropics is 16 km. At that height is our oxygen and the other gases we named above, is also where are the clouds and all the water vapor that are the cause of atmospheric phenomena and climate. And to about 25 km more of height is our stratosphere that is the one that contains the ozone layer and avoids that they graze the ultraviolet rays.

Electricity can exist as a stationary charge, known as static electricity; It can also be moving and flowing, known as electric current. Subatomic particles such as protons and electrons have tiny electrical charges. In relatively recent times, humanity has learned to store the power of electricity. This power, and the many types of circuits and electrical devices that man has invented, have radically transformed the world. Electricity also plays an important role in the natural world, when powerful rays are generated that produce signals that move through our nerves.

Magnetism is the prime brother of electricity. Some materials, such as iron, are attracted to magnets, while others, such as copper, ignore its influence. We describe the movement of objects influenced by magnets in terms of magnetic fields. We know that the magnets have north pole and south pole, and that equal poles are rejected from each other, while opposite poles are attracted. Electricity and magnetism are two sides of a single fundamental force. When accelerating a magnet will produce an electric current, if you vary the flow of electricity, a magnetic field originates. These principles are used in the construction of engines and generators. Altering the magnetic fields produces electromagnetic radiation. This very fast moving energy occurs in a continuous form known as electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from radio waves and microwaves to ultraviolet light, visible light infrared light, and powerful X-rays and gamma rays. When the spectrum is separated into its constituents by a spectroscope, the electromagnetic spectrum reveals much about distant objects such as stars. We make use of our knowledge about this type of radiation in the construction of telescopes to see the skies, communication radios, and x-ray machines for medical diagnostics.

The earth's magnetic field (also called geomagnetic field) is the magnetic field that extends from the inner core of the Earth to the limit where it meets the solar wind; A stream of energetic particles emanating from the Sun. Their magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 μT (microteslas) or (0.25-0.65 G). The field created by a magnetic dipole inclined at an angle of 10 degrees to the axis of rotation (like a bar magnet) can be considered in approximation. However, unlike the field of a magnet, the Earth's field changes over time because it is generated by the movement of cast iron alloys in the outer core of the Earth (the geodynamic). The magnetic north pole moves, but in a slow enough way so that the compasses are useful in navigation. After certain periods of random duration (with an average duration of several hundred thousand years), the Earth's magnetic field reverses (the north and south geomagnetic poles permute their position). These investments leave a record in the rocks that allow paleomagnetists to calculate the drift of continents in the past and the ocean bottoms resulting from plate tectonics.

A meteoroid is a smaller body whose size is between 100 mm and 50 m, this definition may vary but is used by the Royal Astronomical Society. Meteoroids like the interplanetary dust, come from the waste of the formation of the Solar System, from the collisions of bodies, and from ejections of comets. Usually they are chondrite (rocky), achondrite (similar to igneous rocks) or metallic. These move in orbits around the sun, and as has been said mostly come from comet ejections or collisions of celestial bodies. These have been concentrated in the plane of the ecliptic, decreasing their number as we approach the Sun and as we approach Jupiter, as both stars gravitationally capture most of the meteoroids. Meteoroids associated with comets or asteroids become meteors when they intercept Earth.

 A meteor is the luminous phenomenon that occurs when the meteoroid crashes against the terrestrial atmosphere and by friction with this one becomes incandescent, popularly they are called shooting stars.

This interaction occurs in the thermosphere at a height between 80 and 120km, the speed of entry varies from 11 km / s for the slowest meteors to 80km / s for the fastest. The atmospheric particles hit the surface of the meteoroid by increasing its temperature, this process increases as the height decreases, when the meteoroid reaches a certain temperature the ablation process begins. In other words, the heat produced by the friction is enough to sublimate the atoms and molecules of the meteoroid. At this stage mass loss is rapid, this mass loss occurs in several ways, the most important being the separation of individual atoms and molecules from the

Chapter6

The periodic table of the elements is an arrangement of the chemical elements in the form of a table, ordered by their atomic number (number of protons), by their configuration of electrons and their chemical properties. This ordering shows periodic trends, as elements with similar behavior in the same column.

In the words of Theodor Benfey, the table and the periodic law "are the heart of chemistry-comparable to the theory of evolution in biology (which followed the concept of the Great Chain of Being), and the laws of thermodynamics in Classical physics. "

The rows in the table are called periods and the groups columns. Some groups have names. Thus, for example, group 17 is that of halogens and group 18 is that of noble gases. The table is also divided into four blocks with some similar chemical properties. Because the positions are ordered, the table can be used to obtain relationships between the properties of the elements, or to predict properties of new elements not yet discovered or synthesized. The periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences.

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