Usa History

SOCIAL MATTERS:

• Social inequality remained a pervasive (spreading through) condition throughout the region.

• East Africa and South of Sahara were muslim (over half of the population) ( about 1/2 turned muslim, about ½ Christian, less than 1/3 were etnic)

• Christian missionaries offered social service medical care and schooling, as well as instructions to Christian faith(exchange of religious conversion)

• Religious conversion provoked dissension, or disagreement, in communities (tribes in Southern States)

• Social void (emptiness) filled with ideologies.

• African found a solution to social and cultural disruption (different ways of doing beliefs)

• African mass nationalist movements spread across the continent.

• They were divided my religion, tribes, language, tribal loyalty etc..

• Kikuyu tribe(Kenya) created struggle (land freedom army) against settlers on their land.

• 1st anticolonial campaign took place in Ghana ( The Gold Coast, which is in the Atlantic coast of west africa)

Which remain colonial? Ghana and Kenya.

ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

• First problems: Growth Fluctuation 2.5% to 3% in the last decades of the century

• They were forced to crop for exports.

• Many governments monopolized farms exports to increase state revenues by lowering purchase of crops and pocketing the profits from foreign sales

• Cocoa production decline exports fell by half in turn cutting back fonds (because of explotation of the land, erosion, deplation etc)

• Civil wars, people abandoned villages, because of the lack of food, better opportunities, medical care etc.

• Degradation of lands

• Malnutrition

• Overall food production had fallen 20% below level in 1970. The continent was harvesting less food per inhabitant than in previous decade.

• Food exports become on a big turnover for the feeding of local masses

• In Tanzania a new ruler Nyerere proposed collective agriculture. Villages become a part of a state-run and villagers had to join work brigades on the farm whether they supported the reform or not.

POLITICAL ISSUES

• Over a period of 20 years between the late 1950’s and the 1970 granted freedom to their African colonial people.

• The political model that they al sought to incorporate was nation-state.

• South Africa was exceptional, both because the liberation was delayed by a system of colonial domination (apartheid) that remained in place until its abandonment in the earlys 1990’s

• The struggle for the overthrow of imperial rule was a common bond uniting African nationalist leaders and their people.

• South Africa was ruled by a system of colonial mination movements in orfer to throw away the imperial rule emerged in Ghana and Kenya

• Leaders of the tribal groups agreed as in Ghana, on a constitution guaranteeing federal government (granted by the british)

The French government proposed a transition period of extensive self-government coupled with economic and military advisers and financial aid to all French African colonies. For this purpose, it reformed its colonial empire, called the French Union

The british negotiated with national leaders, they managed to cooperate and maintain peace among population, etc

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