Air Pollution Control. Incineration Plant

Incineration Plant

Air pollution control

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................3

2. DESCRIPTION OF MARESME INCINERATION PLANT .....................................................4

a. Description of typical pollutants in Maresme incineration plant ........................................................... 4

b. Description of typical control equipment in Maresme incineration plant ............................................... 5

c. Estimation of pollution control costs ..................................................................................................... 8

3. DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT SITUATION IN SPAIN..........................................................9

a. Description of typical pollutants in Spain ............................................................................................. 9

b. Description of typical control equipments used in Spain ..................................................................... 12

c. Description of the local laws in Spain ................................................................................................. 17

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE BAT OF INCINERATION PLANT IN SPAIN ................................ 24

a. Choose new large plant and look how it should be built ...................................................................... 24

b. Description of emission control requirements ..................................................................................... 26

c. Estimation of pollution control costs ................................................................................................... 27

5. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 28

6. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 30

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1. INTRODUCTION

The atmosphere is essential for the life, so its disorves have high impact in all the planet.

In the last decades there has been many emissions from the humans, industries, natural phenomenal so, it has been necessary establish some measures controlled by the legislation, in order to reduce the negative effects that polluted atmosphere would cause in flora, fauna and human life, in adition it can exist changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere, wich can change the climate and causes the acid rain or the destruction of the ozone.

Nowdays the Goverments are making special mention in the global warming. Is belived that the Global warming is the result of an ehanced greenhouse effect, mostly due to human produced increase in atmosphere greenhouse gases. The mainly gases involved are water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, which are present in the atmosphere naturally, but the increase of the concentration of these gases and the presence and increase of the concentration of others compounds as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides from human activities are caused the acceleration of this effect.

Generally a lot of air pollutants exist, the most common are particles, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hidrocarbures, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogenated compounds, lead, ozone and organochlorines.

In this project will be analysed the Maresme incineration plant wich is placed in Barcelona, Spain. The analysed factors are: the typical pollutants, the typical control equipments and the estimation of the pollution control cost for that industry. Also the typical air pollutants of Spain, the typical control equipment used for that country and the local laws will be studied.

On the other hand, the Best Available Techniques (BAT), wich means any combination of work practices, raw material, specification, through put limitations, source design, characteristics and evaluation of the analyzed cost per ton of air pollution removed and air pollution control devices that have been previously demostrated to the director of enviromental detection to operate satisfactory in this satate or other states with similar air quality on substancially similar air pollution source, will be studied.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF MARESME INCINERATION PLANT

a. Description of typical pollutants in Maresme incineration plant

Waste incineration results in solids and gaseous waste. This project focuses on gas waste. Gaseous waste is gases resulting from combustion process that once emitted to the atmosphere are adequately purged. The basic composition of gases resulting from combustion is N2, H2O and CO2. Considering, also, the presence of small quantities of pollutants which have different degrees above environmental impact such as particulates, HCl, CO, organic compounds, HF, SO2, NOx, heavy metals (lead, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, arsenium, cadmium and mercury), dioxins and furans. /1/

Carbon dioxide CO2: is a colorless, dense, and unreactive gas. Part of the composition of the troposphere (the atmospheric layer closest to Earth). /2/ It is also the main greenhouse gas. It arises from the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas.

Particulate matter: This category includes all types of suspended solids as smoke, dust and vapors. It reduces visibility and ground cover, Furthermore, inhalation of these microscopic particles that lodge in the lung tissue, causes various respiratory illnesses./2/

The particles in the atmosphere come from diverse backgrounds, combustion of diesel in trucks and buses, fossil fuels, mixing and application of fertilizers and agrochemicals, road construction, steel making, mining activity and incineration of rubbish.

Chlorhydric acid (HCl): Is very corrosive and acid. At room temperature, hydrogen chloride gas is a slightly yellow, corrosive, flammable, and heavier than air and highly irritating odor. When exposed to air it emits corrosive and dense vapors. Hydrogen chloride is usually formed during the burning of many plastics. In contact with water, forms hydrochloric acid. Both hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid are corrosive./3/

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Carbon monoxide (CO): also called carbonic oxide, is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, which is highly toxic due to when is inhaled, the molecules go into bloodstream and they inhibit oxygen distribution. This condition is known as anoxemia. /3/

Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds as gasoline and oil. It forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. 61% of CO emissions come from metal industry and metal ore roasting.

Total organic carbon (TOC): is the amount of carbon bonded to an organic compound and is often used as a nonspecific indicator of water quality. The TOC in water sources comes from natural organic matter in decomposition and synthetic chemicals. Humic acid, fulvic acid, amines, and urea are some types of natural organic matter. Detergents, pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, industrial chemicals and chlorinated organic compounds are examples of synthetic sources./2/

Hidrogen fluoride (HF): Is irritant, acid and corrosive. It should be no contact with glass material because it can corrode it; it is manipulated by using plastic material. The most common way in which it can be found in nature is HF and (HF)6./2/

Sulphur dioxide (SO2): is a colorless, irritant and toxic gas with strong odor. It is a reducing substance that in contact with air and moisture conditions it becomes sulfur oxide (VI). SO2 is the main cause of acid rain because the atmosphere is transformed into sulfuric acid. It is released in many fuels combustion processes such as coal, oil, diesel or natural gas which contain certain amounts of sulfur compounds. For these reasons, attempts to remove these compounds prior to combustion. /3/

Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Is a generic term for NO and NO2. It comes from the combustion of gasoline, coal and other fuels especially at high temperatures, process in which air is usually the oxidizer. Is one of the main causes of smog and acid rain. NO and NO2 are two of most important nitrogen oxides toxicologically.

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NO is gas at room temperature easily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and NO2 is a liquid at room temperature but becomes gas at temperatures above 21 ° C. /3/

Lead (Pb): Is a heavy metal, flexible, inelastic, and toxic, melts easily and is highly resistant to corrosion. All its salts are poisonous and its fumes cause illness. Lead compounds commonly used in industry are the oxides of lead, tetraethyl lead and lead silicates. 2% of total lead emissions in Spain come from combustion installations./3/

Chromium (Cr): Is a transition metal, hard, brittle, steel gray and bright and has a high melting point. It has high corrosion resistance and hardness 26% of total chromium emissions in Spain come from combustion installations./2/

Copper (Cu): Is a transition metal, it has reddish color and brightness. Is characterized by high electrical conductivity, malleability and ductility. Only 1% of total lead emissions in Spain come from combustion installations./2/

Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a hard, brittle, refractory and easily oxidizable transition metal. It is produced by aluminum oxides. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. /2/

Cadmium (Cd): It is a heavy metal, bluish white, ductile, malleable and relatively scanty. It is one of the most toxic metals. /2/ Naturally large amounts of cadmium are released into the environment. Half of the cadmium is

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