WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I

Era Bella: growing tension between powers, as a result of economic globalization and the rise of colonialism

1882 Triple Alliance: linking Germany with Austria-Hungary and Italy, to maintain the beneficial state for Germany.

Weltpolitik: world hegemony policy driven by William II, after acceding to the throne in 1888 and in 1890 to dismiss the Chancellor Bismark

• Withdrawal from Russia in 1890 to renew the Reinsurance Treaty.

• Confrontation with Britain by economic competition and German shipbuilding plans.

• Creation of a Franco-Russian alliance 1893: military assistance in case of war against Germany.

• The Entente Cordiale in 1904 Franco-British

• Anglo-Russian Agreement 1907 (Persia, Afghanistan (England), Tibet)

• Finally, the formation of the Triple Entente to counteract this policy

1.1. The transformations of the new century and the conflicts between the powers.

Emergence of USA and Japan, which retention passage of a European to a global.

• Spanish-American War 1898: conflict between USA and Spain, the latter losing the Cuban island, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam

• 1905 Russian-Japanese War: Russian aggression ultimately led to the British-Japanese alliance in 1902 which led to the aforementioned war, winning Japan. As a result Russia turned its attention to the Balkans, leads to clash with Astro-Hungary.

1.2. The Road to War 1905-1914

Balkans:

• Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina October 5, 1908 (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Serbia, Montenegro, German Empire and France intervened in these events), this damage the relationship of Austria-Hungary to Serbia.

• all faced with Turkey, the second faced the victors, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, against Bulgaria

• Germany supported the Austro-Hungarian empire in case of conflict. Russia supported Austria-Hungary in case Germany would attack Serbia. France would support Russia for its connections.

The final crisis: the death of Archduke June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo (Bosnia), heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was the trigger of the war, all by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the nationalist organization "Black Hand"

• June 28: Attack of Sarajevo

• 23 July: After securing German support, Austria-Hungary an ultimatum to Serbia

• July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• July 30: Russian general mobilization begins

• August 1 Germany declared war on Russia. France began a general mobilization.

• August 3: Germany declares war on France

• August 4: Germany invades Belgium, causing Britain to declare war.

2. World War 1914-1918

1914: The war of movement:

• Western Front:

Schlieffen Plan: German Reich created the Alfred von, and executed by Moltke, who was to attack quickly and decisively to France in the north-west. The plan involved the invasion of neutral Belgium.

Battle of the Marne: the French army under the command of Joffre, manages to stop the German attack (September-November 1914)

• Eastern Front:

Battle of Tannenberg: after an initial Russian advance, the Germans imposed, although not definitely (August 1914)

1915-1916: The War of Positions

• Western Front:

War Trenches: From the North Sea to Switzerland, thousands of kilometers of trenches faced millions of men in front of Western

Treaty of London (1915): Italy who had remained neutral, passes from the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente annexation is promised after the end of the war in Trentino, South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria, and part of Dalmatia.

Chemical Warfare: does not follow the provisions of the Conference of The Hague in 1899, where the use of toxic substances is prohibited, however, the Germans, who had a highly developed chemical industry, used these substances as a solution to end the war trench.

Battle of Verdun: February to December 1916, the war of attrition is used to attack virdún square where largest French military casualties there were.

Undersea Warfare: Germany begins submarine warfare against England, sinking 7 May 1915 transatlantic Lucitania, Washington government protested vigorously. The Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg chose moderate attacks. Only until February 1, 1917, Germany declared total submarine warfare. The precipitated USA entered the war because seriously harmed American producers and exporters.

• Eastern Front:

Paul Von Hindenburg: Chief of Staff German state does occupy Russian Poland and Lithuania.

-Austria-Hungary and Serbia recovers conquer Galicia.

-Romania joins the Entente in 1916

1917: The turning point in the war

The Soviet revolution in Russia and the United States' entry into the conflict.

• Western Front:

USA 1914: Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1 Convention peace.

2 absolute Liberta to sail the seas.

3 Suppression: identical trading conditions.

4. mutual guarantees.

5. Exchange debated freely: theme of the colonies.

6 Evacuation of Russian territory and Russian freedom.

7 evacuation and restoration of Belgium.

8 Release and restoration of French territory.

9 demarcate the borders of Italy again.

10 Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary

11 Romania, Serbia and Montenegro should be evacuated and restore their territories.

Sovereignty and security 12 Turkish regions of the Ottoman Empire and other nations were under Turkish rule should promote safety and autonomous development

13 Creation of an independent Polish state.

14 Construction of a general society of nations.

• Eastern Front:

Russian Revolution (Feb-Oct / 1917): Lenin came to power with the Bolsheviks, which eventually leads to make peace in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918 with Germany and Austria-Hungary

1918: The Aftermath

Russia left the war to treat internal problems, arriving American troops placed the balance in favor of the Entente.

• President Wilson delivers the speech of the 14 points

• He reports the Kaiser Wilhelm LL impossible to continue the war

• Austria Hungary signed an armistice on November 3

• November 9 the Kaiser abdicated and fled to Holland

• Sign the armistice Germany (November 11)

3 The New Order after the war: Peace Treaties

The aim was to end all wars

• The Paris Conference (1919): On January 18, 1919, representatives of the victors tread meet, under the direction of US President Wilson, British Prime Minister David George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and Orlando Victtorio , Italian Prime Minister. But he is not satisfied to Italy the Treaty of London, so it is created.

• Peace treaties: The winners countries signed several peace treaties with each of the defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.

1 The Treaty of Versailles with Germany (June 28, 1919)

• France recovered Alsace and Lorraine

• Eastern Territories were annexed by Poland. Territorial isolation from the rest of East Prussia. The empire was cut in two by the Polish corridor.

• Germany lost all its colonies spread being the victors

• Germany was forced to pay reparations or war reparations to the victors.

2 The Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria (10 September 1919)

• End of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the birth of Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

3 The Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria (November 27, 1919)

• territorial losses to benefit Romania, Greece and Yugoslavia

4 The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary (4 June 1920)

• The same provisions apply to Austria.

• Important Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia, Romania (Transylvania) and Yugoslavia

5 Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey (August 10, 1920)

• Cast possessions between France Middle East (Syria, Lebanon) and Britain (Palestine, Iraq) in the form of mandates of the League of Nations. The Ottomans left without most of their former possessions, limiting it to Constantinople and part of Asia Minor.

3.1. The Soviet and American isolation problem

The internal fighting between the Red Army and the white in the Tsarist empire, various territories of the empire became independent Finland, in December 1917, and the Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, along 1918.

Moreover Wilson comes out of power and the Republican Harding in the 1920 elections, so that does not enter the United States to the League of Nations.

3.2. Conclusion: a deficient peace treaties

The arrival of Republican hegemony in America, maraca a tendency to isolation united states, thanks to the Great War was established as first power.

The isolation of Russia and the Soviet Union to prevent the spread of communism

4 International relations in the postwar period 1919-1924

The League of Nations: In April 1919, the Paris Conference adopted the Covenant of the League of Nations in Geneva (Switzerland), with a General Assembly, a Council and a General Secretary.

His goal was to keep the peace and ensure the protection of the small countries of the great powers to

Its golden age was the period 1924-1929, but in 1929 was incapable of maintaining peace, despite the absence of key powers on the world stage and the lack of economic or military means to enforce its resolutions.

Human and material losses

The human cost of the conflict must be around ten million dead and wounded twice

Most nations were indebted to USA mainly France, which had the remedy imposed to Germany (33.000 million), inflation had reached such a high degree that a dollar was exchanged for 100 frames sometimes.

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