La historia de China (inglés)

The 17th Command and Staff Course

History of the Chinese Nation

Lt. Col. Hernandez Perez Josue Moises

Venezuelan Army

Instructor: Professor Zhao Guomei

Nov. 10, 2015

Disclamier

For the elaboration of this paper, various consultations were conducted through different web pages, but the content has been a particular interpretation of the author, in such sense release from all liability to Air Force Command College of the consequences that can be generated under the content of this paper.

CONTENT

1. Introduction

1. Ancient History

1. Primitive Society

1. Slavery Society

1. Feudal Society

1. Modern History

1. The Old Democratic Revolution
2. The New Democratic Revolution

1. The PRC

1. Conclusión

                              Abstract

The People's Republic of China, is a sovereign State located in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world, with more than 1.3 billion inhabitants and the first world economic power by GDP in terms of parity of purchasing power. La People's Republic of China is a one-party State ruled by the Communist Party and has the seat of his Government in the capital, Pekin is divided into twenty two provinces , five autonomous regions, four municipalities under central jurisdiction Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing and two special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macao likewise, China claims that considers Taiwan Province, which is controlled by the Republic of China with a political status of the island controversial.

With an area of approximately 9.6 million km², China which has borders with 14 States sovereigns 2 is the third largest country in the world by land area behind the Russia and Canada and the fourth If there are bodies of water behind Russia, Canada and United States. The Chinese landscape is vast and diverse, from the steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wet South. The mountain ranges of the Himalayas, Karakorum, Pamir and Tian Shan separated it from South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and yellow rivers, third and sixth longest in the world, run from the Tibetan into densely populated eastern coastal plateau. China has 14.500 km of coastline along the Pacific Ocean and is bathed by the yellow, Bohai, East China and South China seas.

The Chinese civilization, one of the oldest in the world, flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River. For millennia, their political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties. The first of which was the half-mythological Xia dynasty around 2000 B.C. From 221 B.C. when the Qin dynasty conquered various States and formed the first Chinese Empire, the country has expanded, fractured and has been renovated on numerous occasions. The Republic of China ousted the last dynasty in 1911 and ruled mainland China until 1949. After the defeat of the Empire of Japan, during the Second World War and the withdrawal of its troops from China, the Communist Party won the Civil war and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing on October 1, 1949. The defeated Republic of China regime, dominated by the Kuomintang party moved its Government to Taipei, and since then, the jurisdiction of the Republic of China was limited to Taiwan and some outlying islands.

Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has been the world's fastest growing economy, reaching the world primacy in terms of GDP measured at purchasing power parity in 2014 and staying as the second power by nominal GDP. China is also the largest exporter and importer of goods and the first power industrial, China has the second largest of the world army, possesses nuclear weapons and has the second budget after Units States the People's Republic of China military is a member of the UN since 1971, year in which replaced the Republic of China as a permanent UN Security Council Member, and is recognized diplomatically by most countries of the world. It is also a formal or informal member of many multilateral organizations, such as WTO, APEC, the BRICS, SCO and the G20. China is considered by many analysts as an emerging superpower.

1. Introduction

The history of the Chinese Nation is a topic of great interest for the knowledge of mankind in the process of evolution of what is today a super power is reflected, studying each stage of the development of this nation will give us a perspective, a new or better vision to carry our country to the development Accordingly, in this paper I'll take a tour through the three basic stages of the history of the Chinese Nation beginning with ancient history, modern history through to what today we know as the People's Republic of China.

In addition to studying the development of the Chinese nation through history, we can also learn a lot from its culture, its people and its customs, its idiosyncrasies; factors which i think is of great importance for the evolution and development of each nation, the Chinese Nation is one of the most ancient on the planet and despite their age is a nation that has remained sealed until our days, that is to say that has never had a acculturation of its people by maintaining intact its ideological roots.

1. Ancient History

ETIMOLOGY

The word 'China' is derived from the Persian Cin, which is an adaptation of the Sanskrit Cīna the first record of this term dating back to 1516, in the journal of the Portuguese Explorer Duarte Barbosa is believed that the word comes from the name of the dynasty of Qin (Chin). The official name of the country is People's Republic of China, although the dynasties and previous governments changed the official name of the country on numerous occasions. The common names for the country in Chinese are China (Simplified Chinese: zhong-'central' or 'medium', and guo-'State' or 'States', and in modern times, 'nation') and Zhonghua (Simplified Chinese).

The term zhongguo appeared in various ancient texts, such as the classic of history of the 6th century B.C. and in pre-imperial times was used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia tribes of the «barbarians». This term, which can be singular or plural, referred to a group of States or provinces of the Central Plain, but it was used to refer to throughout the country until the 19th century. The Chinese were not alone in perceiving the country as the 'Centre' of the world, since other civilizations applied the same thinking to their territories.

1. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

The archaeological evidence suggests that the first hominids that lived in China arrived in that country between 0.25 and 2.24 million years ago a cave in Zhoukoudian  near the current Beijing contains fossils dating from the years 680 000 and 780 000 B.C. and belong to the so-called Peking Man, a subspecies of Homo erectus that lived from hunting and gathering used fire and tools of stone in the same site of Peking Man were found remains of a Homo sapiens dating back to 18 000-11 000 B.C. the earliest evidence of a fully modern human in China is located in Liujiang (Guangxi), where it was found a skull that has been dated at about 67 000 years. Although persists the controversy over the dating of the Liujiang remains, especially when compared with other similar skeletons, as found at Minatogawa, on the island of Okinawa some experts claim that 5000 years ago there was a form of proto writing in China.

1. SLAVERY SOCIETY

During the Shang dynasty, about 5% of the population was enslaved. During the Qin dynasty, male slaves were forced to labor on projects like the Terracotta Army. Some slaves were those who had been convicted of crimes such as rape and were castrated and enslaved as a result. Emperor Wang Mang banned slavery, but this was repealed after his death. During the Tang Dynasty, there was a shortage of women, which resulted in trade with Koreans for women. During the Ming dynasty, slavery was banned; however, in practice, slavery continued through the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty initially saw an increase of slavery in China, though there were measures against slavery.

1. FEUDAL SOCIETY

Although Feudalism is often referred to as a European concept occurring in the medieval period, similar systems have been found to exist in many non-European parts of the world. Chinese history for instance, from the Zhou or Chou dynasty (1046 BC—256 BC) to the Qin dynasty has been termed a true feudal period by many Chinese Marxist historians, due to the custom of enfeoffment of land similar to that in Europe. The first kings of the Zhou dynasty enfeoffed their fellow warriors and relatives, creating large domains of land. These eventually rebelled against the Zhou Kings and developed into their own kingdoms, thus ending the centralized rule of the Zhou dynasty.

...