HISTORY OF CHINOOK JARGON

HISTORY OF CHINOOK JARGON (Pidgin)

Chinook Jargon is a pidgin language that is first attested reliably from the first decade of the 19th century, in the journals of Lewis and Clark, when it was a primary medium of communication between Whites, Native Americans, and Native Canadians. Chinook Jargon came to be widely spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. and neighboring British Columbia, eventually extending as far north as southern Alaska, as far south as the northern border of California, and as far east as the Idaho panhandle in the U.S. and interior British Columbia in Canada. The name "Chinook" (pronounced with "ch" as in church) originated in one Native village on the north bank of the Columbia River, near its mouth. When American and British seafarers came to the Columbia River in 1792, they quickly incorporated the lower river into the international fur trade. They adopted the name "Chinook" early to refer both to the Columbia River and the lower river's indigenous inhabitants, who for the most part closely resembled the people of Chinook village in appearance, language, and culture. When referring to the people and their original tribal languages, the name usually appears today as Chinookan. "Chinook" came into early general currency also for a local hybrid language alternatively termed "(the) jargon" (hence, also, Chinook Jargon or, following local Native usage, Chinuk Wawa) that early traders used in preference to Chinookan languages, which were reputedly exceptionally difficult to learn.

Like other classic trade pidgins, Chinook Jargon has a limited vocabulary. Over six Chinook Jargon hundred words are reasonably well-attested. Of these, perhaps a third come from French or English, reflecting the widespread use of Chinook Jargon as a lingua franca between Whites and Natives in the late 19th and early 20th century. This table could show some words that contains comparison between those languages and the Chinook Jargon. 

English (Français) Chinook Jargon Origin of Word

One (Un) Ikt From Chinook Ixt

Two (Deux) Mokst From Chinook Môkst

Three (Trois) Klone From Chinook Łun

Four (Quatre) Lakit From Chinook Lakt

Five (Cinq) Kwinnum From Chinook Kwanm

Man (Homme) Man From English

Woman (Femme) Klootchman Combining Nootka Łóóc, 'female,' with English man

Sun (Soleil) Sun From English

Moon (Lune) Moon From English

Water (Eau) Chuck From Nootka Ča'úk

HISTORY OF HAITIAN – CREOLE LANGUAGE

Haitian Creole is a French-based creole. This language was developed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by the enslaved West African people, who were brought to the island by European settlers during the slave trade. In a way, Creole resulted from African slaves' efforts to speak the French that they heard when they arrived in the colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). Slaves came from all over West Africa and spoke many different languages. On any one plantation, several African languages were spoken. Also at that time, most of the French people in Saint-Domingue spoke French dialects and everyday spoken French. That type of French, called Popular (common people's) French, differed a lot from the French spoken by the ruling classes in France called Standard French. The slaves, seldom able to communicate with fellow slaves in a common African tongue, tried to learn Popular French. Slaves who arrived later, especially field slaves who had little contact with French speakers, tried to learn the approximative variety of Popular French the other slaves spoke rather than Popular French itself. Over time, this approximative form of French became more and more different from the French varieties and came to be recognized as a language in its own right--Creole. It is

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