Pine Trees

14/5/2015

Science Class

Miss. Hellen Ruiz | Marcela Rivas

Introduction

The tree is a great machine that stores energy and most of the essentials for life "(Johnson, H., 1996).

The pine belongs to the division of gymnosperms, conifers order, family Pinaceae. It has done work where it takes to know everything related to Pino, as is their physical characteristics and chemical, where today pine is the most important group of timber in North America for its extensive features and non-timber forest products that can be obtained from this. Pine gender is the largest family, with about 110 species. Pines thrive in a variety of habitats, from sea level to altitudes of 4,000 m, and are distinguished from other genera of the family leaves, arranged in bundles. Pine caribaea, is an important source of income, including non-timber forest products, which in this resin is very important where chemical processes are carried obtain other substances are highlighted.The caribaea pine, is found in extensive air, for example coming to occupy until 3550 has (reportedly unit forest management project of the Ministry of Agriculture). It is also located in ferritic soils in some regions appears associated with Pinus throne picalis Morelet, according to A. Betancourt, where Pino occupies the most fertile areas in the base of the hills. By including the weather as a factor where pine stands can be said that the average annual temperature in the region of Pinar del Rio, between 24,8ºC. To grow pine stands in Cuba has grown pine with flying 750m above sea level in about decollantes stop.

Pinus caribaea Morelet

Common names: male pine and yellow pine. Needle present and persistent leaves, arranged in bundles 2, 3 or 5 needles. They are resinous trees with pollen-producing male or female cones and inflorescences that lignifican to mature and produce seeds by (A. Betancourt) inflorescences.

Description: Pinaceae belongs to the family, pinales order.

Habit: tree that reaches heights of 30m and diameters up to 75cm, although optimal sites can reach heights of up to 45m and 135cm dbh, with straight and clean stem branches in the first 12m or more when adult.

Cup: pyramidal, with low horizons or deciduous branches and branches upstream surfaces.

Bark: In mature trees is thick, reddish-brown, and rough form plaques with deep vertical and horizontal cracks. In young trees the bark is reddish, rough and scaly.

Leaves: needle-shaped, in fascículs three (sometimes 2, 4, or 5), 15 -25cm long, rigid, dark green to yellowish green.

Flowers: male strobiles are numerous, sessile, short, arranged near the end of the twigs mainly in the lower section of the cup, 20 to 332mm long, with reddish brown bracts at the base. Female strobiles are located mostly in the upper part of the glass, near the apex of elongated twigs.

Fruits: cones are symmetrical, pendulums, 4-14cm long, 2.5-4.8cm in diameter when closed, appear alone or in groups of two to five, with brown when mature. Seeds are angled, ovoid, pointed, 6mm long and 3mm wide on average, mottled gray or tan color. It has a brown membranous wing up to 25mm long.

Pine schemes structures

Seeds

Protection

In many places it has been reported tree mortality due to fungi Armillaria mellea, Phytoptona cinnamomi, Heterobasidion annsusm and Cylindrocladium spp. In Central America there are several problematic insects, mainly bark beetle (Dendroctous spp), the Pililla outbreaks (Rhyacionia spp.), The weevil outbreaks (Pissoles spp.), Defoliares of the family Tortricidae and cone beetles (Curculionidae).

Seeds

They are narrowly ovoid, about 6 mm long; brownish gray with a brown membranous wing which remains attached to the seed. A cone contains 60-70 viable seeds and one kilogram, about 60 000. The germination can reach up to 50% in our country, and begins between six and ten days after planting. Seedlings are five to six cotyledons. Growth during the first two years is relatively slow, increasing from three to five years; Thus, under favorable conditions, can reach up to June 16, 17 ma ten.

Spread

In this species both natural regeneration is handled as planting. Natural regeneration can be carried out even in relatively dense pine forests, though it is considered a sun loving species, as their light requirement is not as high as in other species of our pines. (Lam. 1) Planting is done with positions obtained in nurseries bag system, which should remain for five to six months; although other shapes, such as planting bare root and can be applied directly.

Management

The species is not good auto pruning, so in plantations for wood production sawmilling, pruning is necessary to improve artificial stem quality. Although plantings for other purposes, performing pruning is suggested to facilitate the entry to stand and reduce the risk of fire.

Habitat

In Cuba grows on acidic soil reaction on clay hills with proportions of quartz, mica and slate and silica-clay soils, generous proportions of iron; ie in laterite soils.

Pines in general are scattered around the cold and temperate regions of the Earth. Many species are found in Mexico, at elevations ranging from sea level to 15 000 ft in subtropical and temperate climates. Abound in Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua and in small groups of Ecuador and northern Costa Rica.

Wood

Wood is resinous, reddish-brown color and color intensity varies with the amount of resin present, no notable differences between sapwood and heartwood.

Growth rings are well defined; the areas of early wood and late wood clearly defined. Medium texture, grain prone to twisting, resinous touch and characteristic odor, mean density at 12% moisture of 0.740 g / cm3. It can be used in general construction, frames, doors, windows, adits, paper pulp, and so on.

For use in contact with the ground, it must be preserved and it is advisable to drill before nailing and screwing to prevent cracks.

Our object of study is the Pinus caribaea therefore be taken into account as the (Ing. Arnaldo Diaz) that this wood presents the simplest, and homogeneous tissues. They predominate tracheids (about 95%) with the dual function of driving and support. Keep in mind that in the pines, (or horizontal) and radical vertical resin canals communicate with each other forming systems of channels through which the resin flows.

The timber has very narrow branches and relatively rings autumn wood contains more than the trunk, and thus has a high proportion of compressed wood.

Chemical composition

To determine the content of extractives in the wood of Pinus caribaea were used, solvent systems, and power be eliminated, different types of extractions, where it was observed were made:

In different samples, using ethanol solvent benzene, petroleum ether at the age of 35, it is more and less at the age of 16 years.

With ethanol is greater than 35 years and is increased to 16 years.

By making use of water extraction content is less than 16 and more than 35 years.

The content of extractives, sodium hydroxide, it was observed that at 10 years, is lower and higher at 16 years old.

The moisture content at 10 years is less than 35 years.

Ash content present in the timber was analyzed and it was observed that at the age of 10, he is 35 years younger and content increases.

In carrying out a spectral analysis, I conclude that the chemical elements, with increasing age at 16 years and 10 years, the content elements are the same, and at age 35, it is noted that They will have other items included.

To determine the percentage of acidity of water in the wood was obtained that this percentage is greater than 35, and sodium acetate, the percentage of acidity is less than 35 years.

The lignin content in different samples obtained by different methods, an observation was conducted, concluding that at the age of 10 years by the methods of peppers and freudenberg stum lignin percentage is higher, but having the lignin content by the method of Tappi lignin percentage is less than age 16 and at age 10, when analyzing lignin after hydrolysis the percentage is greater than 10 and less than 35 years , lignin is extracted in dioxane more than 10 years and less than 16 years, with a total of more than 10 years and less than 35 years acidic groups. Then to follow the achievement observation noted that the carboxyl groups have a higher percentage at age 16, and less than 35 years. With methoxyl groups is greater than age 35 and younger at the age of 10. The hydroxyl at the age of 10 years was observed and age greater than 35 years lower percentage of content was observed. By observing the carbonyl groups this percentage is greater than 16 and less than 10 years.

After making the above remarks were carried perform other individual observations lignin content of monosaccharides at the age of 10 years the percentage of sugar is equal to the 16 years and under 35 years. Galactose at 10 and 16, mannose percentage is greater than 35 and less than 10 years, with more than 10 years xylose, and less than 16 years, arabinose and rhamnose more than 10 years and less than 35 years.

When after dealing with monosaccharides we proceed to make observations with the polysaccharides, and we consider that in the pinewood caribaea are different

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