Canal De Panamá

History

The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is a 77.1-kilometre (48 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to thePacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. There are locks at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 metres (85 ft) above sea level. The current locks are 33.5 metres (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks is currently under construction and is due to open in 2015.

Expansion

The Panama Canal expansion project (also called the Third Set of Locks Project) is intended to double the capacity of the Panama Canal by 2015 by creating a new lane of traffic and allowing more and larger ships to transit.

The project is planned to:

• Build two new locks, one each on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Each will have three chambers with water-saving basins.

• Excavate new channels to the new locks.

• Widen and deepen existing channels.

• Raise the maximum operating level of Gatun Lake.[1]

Then-Panamanian President Martín Torrijos formally proposed the project on 24 April 2006, saying it would transformPanama into a First World country. A national referendum approved the proposal by a 76.8 percent majority on 22 October, and the Cabinet and National Assembly followed suit. The project formally began on 3 September 2007

Capacity

The canal is currently handling more vessel traffic than had ever been envisioned by its builders. In 1934 it was estimated that the maximum capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year;[59] as noted above, canal traffic in 2009 reached 299.1 million tons of shipping.

Future Development

As demand is rising for efficient global shipping of goods, the canal is positioned to be a significant feature of world shipping for the foreseeable future. However, changes in shipping patterns—particularly the increasing numbers of larger-than-Panamax ships—will necessitate changes to the canal if it is to retain a significant market share. In 2006 it was anticipated that by 2011, 37% of the world's container ships would be too large for the present canal, and hence a failure to expand would result in a significant loss of market share. The maximum sustainable capacity of the present canal, given some relatively minor improvement work, is estimated at 330–40 million PC/UMS tons per year; it was anticipated that this capacity would be reached between 2009 and 2012. Close to 50% of transiting vessels were already using the full width of the locks.

Rival Colombia rail link

China is looking into constructing a 220 km (137 mi) railway between Colombia's Pacific and Caribbean coasts.

Rival canal in Nicaragua

The Nicaraguan parliament has approved a plan to let a Hong Kong based company design and build a competing canal. According to the deal, the company will also be responsible for taking care of the canal during the next 50 years. The government of Nicaragua hopes this will boost the economy, but the opposition is afraid of failure.[87]

On July 7, 2014, Wang Jing, chairman of the HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd. (HKND Group), informed during a discussion group with students from the National Engineering University in Managua, that a route for Nicaragua's proposed canal has been approved. The construction work is expected to start in December, 2014 and will be completed within 5 years.[citation needed]

Panama Canal Honorary Pilots

During the last one hundred years, the Panama Canal Authority has appointed a few "Panama Canal Honorary Pilots." The most recent of these were Commodore Ronald Warwick,[88] a former Master of the Cunard

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