TAREA 3 - CALCULAR COORDENADAS DE PI Y ANÁLISIS LEVANTAMIENTOS TOPOGRÁFICOS

TAREA 3 - CALCULAR COORDENADAS DE PI Y ANÁLISIS LEVANTAMIENTOS TOPOGRÁFICOS

Elaborado por:

Erica Yohana Tejada Molano

Código: 35197745

Presentado a:

David Alejandro Gracia

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD)

Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente (ECAPMA)

Agronomía

Octubre 2021

GPS applications in topographic activities

Surveyors and cartographers are among the first to take advantage of the Global Positioning System (GPS), as it significantly increased productivity and produced more accurate and reliable data. Today, GPS is a vital part of topographic and cartographic activities worldwide.

When used by qualified professionals, GPS provides topographic and cartographic data of the highest precision. The collection of GPS-based data is much faster than conventional topography and mapping techniques, since it reduces the amount of equipment and labor required. A single surveyor can now achieve in a day what used to take a whole team several weeks.

The GPS accurately supports mapping and modeling the physical world - from mountains and rivers, to streets, buildings, cables and pipes of public services and other resources. The surfaces measured with GPS can be visualized on maps and in geographic information systems (GIS) that store, manipulate and visualize the referenced geographic data.

Governments, scientific organizations and business operations around the world use GPS technology and GIS to facilitate timely decision making and rational use of resources. Any organization or agency that requires accurate information about the location of its assets can benefit from the efficiency and productivity provided by GPS.

Unlike conventional techniques, topography using GPS is not subject to restrictions such as the direct visibility line between topographic stations. The stations can be moved at greater distances between one and the other and can operate anywhere with a good view of the sky, instead of being limited to remote peaks, as required before.

The GPS is especially useful in the lifting of coasts and waterways, where there are few landmarks. Lifting vessels combine GPS positions with depth soundings with sonar to develop nautical charts that indicate navigators the changes in water depth and the dangers that lie underwater. Bridge and oil rig builders also rely on GPS for accurate hydrographic surveys.

Surveyors and cartographers can carry GPS systems in a backpack or mount them in vehicles to collect data accurately and quickly. Some of these systems communicate wirelessly with reference receivers to achieve unprecedented improvements in productivity continuously, in real time and with centimeter accuracy.

To achieve the highest level of accuracy, most topographic category receivers use two GPS radio frequencies: L1 and L2. Currently, there is no fully functioning civil signal on the L2, so these receivers take advantage of an L2 military signal using "no code" techniques.

The current GPS modernization program is adding a specialized civil signal L2 with high-precision positioning support without the use of military signals. The GPS program is also adding a third civil signal on the L5 frequency that will further improve performance. After 2020, the government will stop supporting uncoded access to military GPS signals.

...