Guia estudios primer parcial administración.

FIRST PARTIAL EXAM

STAGE 1, ADMINISTRATION

Administration.- The coordinated effort from a social group to get a goal efficiently with a minimal effort.

In pre-Columbian period there were three civilizations in America: Aztecs, Mayan area and Incan region. In a similar way like Old World civilizations, Administration had a great importance and showed complex ways in social, economic and political organization in these towns.

• Incas developed a very complex organization system based on the exchange of products from different ecological regions.
• Aztecs created an empire supported on large fiscal provinces; thanks to others towns conquer as a control resource gave rise to multiple techniques to administrate taxes adequately. Códice Mendocino, La Matrícula de Tributos or the descriptions made by chroniclers like monk Bernandino de Sahún are administrative advance evidences.

ADMINISTRATION IS FORMED BY THE UNION OR SINERGY OF THE NEXT CONCEPTS:

1. Objective:  administration is always focused on achieving goals or results.

1. Efficacy: It consists on achieving objectives satisfying the product or service requirements in terms of quantity and time.

1. Social group: To make administration possible, it is necessary that it takes place in a social group.
2. Efficiency. It refers to “doing things in a right way”: It is achieving the objectives guaranteeing the available resources at a minimal cost and best quality.

1. Resources coordination: In order to administrate, it is required to combine, systematize and analyze.

1. Productivity: it is the relationship between the supplies quantity needed in order to produce a specific service. It is the obtaining of the best results with a minimal resource in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.

ADMINISTRATION CHARACTERISTICS

1. Universality: It is in any social group and it is susceptible to be applied in an industrial enterprise, as well as, in the army, in a hospital, in a sports events, etc.

1. Instrumental value: Due its purpose is practice eminently, administration is a means to achieve a goal and not a goal about itself, through administration it is tried to find a way to get determinate results.

1. Temporal unit: Although for didactic purposes there are distinguished several stages in the administrative process it does not mean that they are isolated. Administration is a dynamic process in which every component exist simultaneously.

1. Large variety of practice: It is applied on every levels or subsystems in a formal organization.

1. Specificy: Although administration is assisted by other sciences or techniques, it has its own that give a specific character. It means, it cannot be confused to another similar disciplines as usually happens to Accounting and Industrial Engineering.

1. Interdisciplinarity: Administration is similar to all those sciences and techniques related to work efficiency.

1. Flexibility: The administrative principles are adapted to their own necessities in every social group where they are applied.  Rigidity in administration is inoperable.

SCIENCE, TECHNIQUE, ART:

SCIENCES AND AUXILIARY TECNIQUES OF ADMINISTRATION

Social sciences: Their objective and method are not applied to nature but social phenomenon. Administration, whose character is especially social, relates and uses social sciences like: Sociology, Psychology, Law, Economy and Anthropology.

Exact Sciences: Exact sciences are those which just accept demonstrable facts, such as Mathematics.

Technical Disciplines:  They include a set of knowledge which are not defined as science, but they are used and they applied scientist basis. Its character is more practical than theoretical: Industrial engineering, Accounting, Ergonomics, and Cybernetics.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS ACCORDING TO VARIOUS AUTHORS

ENTERPRISE DEFINITION

Enterprise.- A social group in which through the capital and work administration are  produced  goods and/ or services aimed at community satisfaction necessities.

KIND OF BUSINESS OR ENTERPRISES

1. Industrial: The principal activity of this kind of enterprise is the production of goods through row material transformation and/ or extraction. Industries can be classified in:

1. Oil industry: when they are working on natural resources exploitation, they could be renewable or nonrenewable, understanding by natural resources everything from nature which is indispensable for man’s subsistence. Some examples of this kind of enterprises are: fishing enterprises, timber industry, mining industry, oil industry, etcetera.
2. Manufacturing industry: These are enterprises which transform raw material into finished products.

1. Commercial: Intermediaries between producer and consumer; its fundamental function is buying and selling of finished products which can be classified in:

1. Wholesale: when they make big sales to others enterprises. 
2. Retailer:  they sale retail or in small quantities to the consumer.
3. Commission agents :  They sale goods and producers give them an allocation, so it is their profits or commission.

1. Service:  they provide a service to the community and they can cannot have a lucrative purpose. Service enterprises can be classified in:

1. Transport.
2. Tourism.
3. Financial institutions.
4. Several public services: Communication, Energy, Water.
5. Several private services: Assessment, various accounting services, legal, administrative, advertising and sales, Publicity agencies.
6. Education.
7. Health care (hospitals).
8. Finances, insurance.

CAPITAL ORIGIN (PUBLIC OR PRIVATE)

1. Public:  In this kind of enterprises the capital belongs to the State, and generally its purpose is to satisfy the necessities of social nature.

1. Private: They are private when the capital belongs to private investors and its purpose is lucrative eminently.

ENTERPRISE MAGNITUDE

1. Financial:  The enterprise size is determined by the amount of its capital.

1. Hired Personnel: This criterion establishes that a small company is the one with less than 250 workers; a medium company is the one with 250 and 1000 workers; and a large company is the one with more than 1000 workers.

1. Production: This criterion classifies the company according to the degree of mechanization that is in the process of production. So, A small company is the one where man’s work is decisive, it means its production is mechanized. A medium company can ne mechanized but, it has more equipment and less workforce. Finally, a great company is highly equipped and / or systematized.

1. Sales:  It establishes the company size related to the marketing it supplies and the amount of sales. So, a company is small when its ales are local, medium when its sales are national and large when it covers international markets.

ENTERPRISE VALUES

Economical

They are inclining to achieve financial benefits:

• Accomplish the investors’ interests paying with fair dividends about the investment.
• Cover the creditor payments acquiring an interest by the obtaining loans.
• Social.

Those which contribute to the community welfare:

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