Personalidad

Personality

1) Explain Freud’s psychosexual stages. What are the 4 stages? What are the developmental milestones at each stage? What are fixations? How does the id factor into this theory? What is the ego and superego?

Sigmund Freud was born is a region were the sex was not well see, and most of his theories are based on the sex repression present at the victoria Age. He believe the increasing of sexual needs and changes on the body pleasure are the main factors on the personality develop. He divided those changes into The 4 psychosexual stages of personality development as follow:

1- Oral stage: this stage begins from birth to 12-18 months. Interest centered on bonuses mouth as sucking, eating, biting, kissing and fondling, the baby takes pleasure in maternal skin contact.

· Oral receptive: If the child enjoys hard by overeating, may have a fixation at this stage and develop a receptive oral personality will continue looking through the mouth as the pleasure of smoking, overeating and being a gullible person.

· Oral aggression: if suddenly frustrated oral pleasures can become fixtures that will create an oral aggressive person who seeks pleasure being aggressively hostile verbal and others.

2- Anal stage: this stage covers the end of the oral phase to three years old, and is distinguished by the gratification and retain expel stools; acceptance of social requirements relating to toilet training. If parents are very strict in their methods, children can react in two ways:

· Anal retentive: hold stool and develop a stubborn, petty and compulsive

· Anal expulsive: Rebelling by expelling feces at an inconvenient time, introducing destructive character traits, arrogance, lawlessness and lack of hygiene.

3- Phallic Stage: At the age of 3 or 6, in this stage the attention is in the genitals. Boys experience the Oedipus complex, and girls experiment Electra complex, this is a process through which they learn to identify with the same gender parent as much by acting like that parent as possible. Girls suffer a penis envy, and boys fell attraction for his mother. Also, Same sex friends help avoid sexual feelings, so is common to see divided groups of girls and boys when they are in this stage.

Latency Period: from age six to puberty. During this period the children develop psychic forces that inhibit sex drive and reduce your address. Unacceptable sexual impulses are channeled to higher activity accepted by the culture. Freud called latency because the children do not develop sexually, but they do social develop. Furthermore, I found that Freud do not considered latency as a stage, and came not anything dramatically new. Freud saw latency as a period of unparalleled repression of sexual desires and erogenous impulses. In the book is say is a stage, and it king of confuse me because in many sources there look the latency as a stage.

4- Genital Stage: Puberty to death. This stage can create confusion in the fact that is concerned by the genitals, like the phallic, but it should be emphasized that it is different because the phallic was egocentric, is with yourself, and at this stage is when the form is completed personality, and that's when and not seek pleasure in it, but that it becomes straight, and then take pleasure in other ways.

These are the stages that make up the personality of an individual as Sigmund Freud, and as we see, focuses primarily on the development of the drives that has the subject in question and the sexual instincts of it, developing a consistent behavior as was suppressed or allowed by their parents.

Fixation: personality traits caused for early conflicts, which were no resolve at its time. The complexes present in the each stage must be resolved in its stage. Otherwise, they are going to created fixation in the future.

Freud establish that part of the personality already exist at the time when we are born. He denominates this part of the personality as the Id, in which we use the unconscious level of the mind. Babies do not care about the consequences of the acts, and they just want to be fulfilled.

Ego: Part of the personality through which the individual is recognized as me and is aware of its own identity. The ego, therefore, is the reference point of physical phenomena and deals between the reality of the outside world, the ideals of the superego, and the id instincts.

Superego: consists of morality and the rules respecting a subject in society. It acts like the moral center.

The ego finally, is the balance that allows a man meet their needs (Id) within the social parameters (superego).

2) What are defense mechanisms? Pick 2 and give a real-world example.

Defense Mechanism is the people’s distortion of the reality to reduce stress and anxiety. Those 10 mechanisms are completely unconscious, and are denominate psychological defense mechanisms. For example:

Projection: I remember my friend Luciana, told me I was interested in my friend Rafael because I spent a lot of time with him, that i should own up and say the truth, and stop saying that i wasn`t, i had no interest in Rafael, but she was projecting her own feelings on to me, because she was interested in David but didn`t have the guts to say so, what she said to me was actually, what she felt about herself but didn`t want to asimilate.

Repression: In the histeric patients of sigmund freud, it was determined that when trauma or a scene of life was too powerfull and beyond the capacity of acceptance of the patient it was reppresed, it was sent to the darkness of the unconsious. For example in some cases of rape victims, or victims of traumatic events, there is a gap, there is no memory of what happened, because of the level of stress and anxiety that the scene produces, instead of talking and reacting to what happened it is reppressed, it is blocked from the consciuos, only to return in fragments , or lapsus or dreams.

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3) What is reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy? How do these theories affect our personalities, according to behaviorists?

The reciprocal determinism was explained by Bandura and it consist on how three factors would interact which each other and make-up the future behavior and personality. Those three factors are environment, personal characteristics, and behavior.

4) Is the Five-Factor Model of personality a more genetic or environmental view of personality? Why do you think so?

It has both visions, genetic and environmental, but it has a predominance of environmental. Sigmund Freud states that the genetic evolution of sexuality in the human being and the evolution and overcoming of the psychosexual phases define personality. The components of personality are conformed by the individual, as he experiences life, the environment of the individual marks him forever, but it is what the individual grasps of the environment that matters according to effects of the unconscious. You can place two individuals in the same environment and they won`t be the same personality wise. We are driven by our unconscious, by our pulsions and they determine us.

Abnormality

1.) How do we define and diagnose abnormality? Please answer by covering the various aspects we consider. Give an example of the following: norm deviance, maladaptive behavior.

The definitions of abnormality are based on 4 factors:

statistical definition, social norm deviance, subjective discomfort, and inability to function normally.

The diagnostic of abnormality must be based in 5 criteria, and abnormal behavior have to include at least 2 of them.

1. Experiment severe panic or being deeply depressed without reasons.

2. The behavior is going against social norms. For Example, A child who does not want to wear a uniform in school went it is the norm. This is an example of Norm deviance because is again the norms.

3. The behavior cause the person significant subjective discomfort.

4. The behavior is maladaptive or results in an inability to function. For example, a person who avoids concerts because of social phobia has a maladaptive behavior. The person is not able to adapt he or herself to this situation, and it will not help to fix the problem, and he or she is just avoiding the problem.

5. The behavior causes the person to be dangerous to self or others.

2.) On the DSM-IV model which axis are ALL clinical (mental, emotional, substance related) disorders located? Where are personality disorders located? Why do you think we place personality disorders on a separate Axis from clinical disorders?

On axis I is where we find all of the clinical (mental, emotional, substance related) disorders, on Axis II is where we find personality disorders.

3.) Pick ONE anxiety disorder and one mood disorder and define each in YOUR OWN WORDS-meaning, not the definition from the book.

*Anxiety disorder: Panic attack: is the sudden appearance of deadly fear, which contains symptoms of lack of breath, palpitations, accelerated heartbeat, a choking feeling, nausea, chills etc. The symptoms initiate suddenly and cause alteration in the patient’s behavior.

in which he fears his imminent death.

*Mood disorder: Depression: is a mood disorder that changes the whole essence of the patient, there is a great amount of sadness that is being experimented by the patient, there is a lack of appetite, massive weight loss without the presence of exercise or diet, the patient`s focus decreases, his concentration level drop, he feels bad about himself, like he is none worthy, the patient moves slower, talks slower, and can have presence of life threatening ideas like to commit harm to himself or suicide.

4.)what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? The negative symptoms?

Positive symptoms appear to reflect an excess or distortion of nor- mal functions, such as hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms appear to reflect a decrease of normal functions, such as poor attention or lack of affect

positive symptoms symptoms of schizo- phrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallu- cinations, delusions, and distorted

negative symptoms symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behav- ior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production.

5.) Pick ONE personality disorder from each cluster (clusters are odd/eccentric types, dramatic/erratic types and, anxious/fearful types) and define it IN YOUR OWN WORDS-meaning not the definition from the book.

Paranoia: It is a mental illness characterized by an excessive fear of others, to whom he feels a deep mistrust.

Narcissistic: The narcissistic personality disorder is evident in those individuals whose selfishness make them a great need for admiration, with distorted self-image, makes any activity or achievement, of which boast shamelessly, go fully into exaggeration and is completely disconnected from their true reality. I did not this was a real problem. So most of the people maybe think as me.

Obsessive-compulsive: It is an anxiety disorder in which people have thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions) or repetitive and undesirable behaviors that drive them to do something (compulsions).

Often the person behaves in a certain way to get rid of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Failure to perform obsessive rituals can cause great anxiety.

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