Enfermedades benignas de las mamas

National Open and Distance University

Academic and Research Vice-rector

Course: Breast Imaging

Brandon Martinez Bustos

Code: 154016

completion of task 3

The activity consists of:

benign and malignant pathologies of the breasts

• Ductal carcinoma in situ:

It is a type of breast cancer detected in an early and non-invasive stage:

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer. Ductal means that the cancer begins within the milk ducts, carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or other tissues (including breast tissue) that cover or line the internal organs, and the phrase in situ means "in its original place ”. DCIS is called “non-invasive” because it does not spread outside the milk duct to other normal surrounding breast tissues. DCIS is not life-threatening, but having DCIS can increase your risk of developing invasive breast cancer later on.

When you have had DCIS, you have a higher risk of the cancer coming back or developing a new breast cancer than someone who has never had the condition before. Most cases of recurrence occur within 5 to 10 years of the initial diagnosis. The risk of a recurrence is less than 30%.

Women who have breast-sparing surgery (lumpectomy) for DCIS without radiation therapy have about a 25% to 30% risk of having a recurrence at some point in the future. Including radiation therapy in the treatment plan after surgery reduces the risk of recurrence to about 15%. If breast cancer comes back after previous DCIS treatment, the recurrence is noninvasive (DCIS again) about half the time, and invasive the other half. (The DCIS itself is NON-invasive).

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• Infiltrating lobular carcinoma:

It is the second most common type of breast cancer after invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast (breast) cancer that has spread from the site where it started in the breast to the healthy tissue around it.

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• Inflammatory breast carcinoma:

Inflammatory breast cancer (IMC) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer. According to data from the National Cancer Institute, about 1% to 5% of all breast cancer cases in the United States are inflammatory breast cancer.

Inflammatory breast cancer usually begins with the redness and swelling of the breast, rather than the distinctive lump. CMI tends to multiply and spread rapidly, and its symptoms worsen in just a few days or even hours. It is essential to recognize the symptoms and seek immediate treatment. While the diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer is serious, keep in mind that current treatments control the disease better than in the past.

The median age at diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer in the United States is 57 years for white women and 52 years for African-American women. This is about 5 years younger than the average age of diagnosis for other forms of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, inflammatory breast cancer is more common in African American women. A 2008 study revealed that being overweight increases a person's chances of developing CMI. Like other forms of breast cancer, CMI can also affect men.

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• Paget's disease of the breast:

Paget's disease of the breast (also known as Paget's disease of the nipple and Paget's disease of the breast) is a rare type of cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and usually the darker circle of skin around the nipple. which is called areola. Most people with Paget disease of the breast also have one or two tumors inside the same breast. These breast tumors are ductal carcinomas in situ or invasive breast cancer (1–3).

Paget's disease of the breast is named after the 19th century British physician Sir James Paget, who, in 1874, observed a relationship between changes in the nipple and breast cancer. (Some other diseases are named after Sir James Paget, such as Paget's disease of the bone [of the bone] and Paget's disease of the extramammary, which includes Paget's disease of the vulva and Paget's disease of the penis. These other diseases are not related to Paget's disease of the breast. This fact sheet is about Paget's disease of the breast only).

Cancer cells known as Paget's cells are a tell-tale sign of Paget's disease of the breast. These cells are found in the epidermis (surface layer) of the skin of the nipple and areola. Paget cells often appear large, round, under the microscope; They can be found as isolated cells or as small groups of cells within the epidermis.

Paget's disease of the breast occurs in both women and men, but most cases occur in women. About 1% to 4% of all breast cancer cases also include Paget's disease of the breast. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 57 years; however, the disease has been found in adolescents and people in their late 90s.

Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget's disease of the breast and tumors within the same breast are almost always found together.

A second theory is that the cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why some people get Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the breast itself. Also, Paget disease of the breast and tumors within the same breast may present independently.

The symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast are often mistaken for the symptoms of some benign skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema. These symptoms can be the following:

itching, tingling, or redness in the nipple or areola

scaly, crusty, or thickened skin on or around the nipple

flattened nipple

nipple discharge that may be yellowish or bloody

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• Tubular carcinoma:

Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins within the milk duct and spreads outside of it). Tubular carcinoma accounts for about 1-2% of all breast cancer cases.

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• Cribriform carcinoma:

Cancer cells invade the stroma (connective tissues of the breast) in formations that resemble a nest between the ducts and lobules. Inside the tumor there are distinctive holes between the cancer cells, giving the tumor the appearance of Swiss cheese. Invasive cribriform carcinoma is generally low-grade, which means that the cells look and behave similarly to normal, healthy breast cells. In about 5-6% of invasive breast cancer cases, a part of the tumor can be considered cribriform. Cribriform-like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is also frequently present.

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Universidad Nacional Abierta ya Distancia

Vicerrectoría Académica y de Investigación

Curso: Imagen de mama

Brandon Martinez Bustos

Código: 154016

realización de la tarea 3

La actividad consta de:

patologías benignas y malignas de las mamas

• Carcinoma ductal in situ:

Es un tipo de cáncer de mama detectado en etapa temprana y no invasivo:

El carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) es el tipo más común de cáncer de mama no invasivo. Ductal significa que el cáncer comienza dentro de los conductos lácteos, carcinoma se refiere a cualquier cáncer que comienza en la piel u otros tejidos (incluyendo tejido mamario) que cubren o revisten los órganos internos, y la frase in situ significa “en su lugar original”. El CDIS se denomina “no invasivo” debido a que no se propaga fuera del conducto lácteo hacia otros tejidos mamarios circundantes normales. El CDIS no pone en peligro la vida, pero padecer CDIS puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer de mama invasivo más adelante.

Cuando has padecido CDIS, tienes más riesgo de que el cáncer regrese o que desarrolles un nuevo cáncer de mama que una persona que nunca antes padeció la afección. La mayoría de los casos de recurrencias se dan dentro de los 5 a 10 años siguientes al diagnóstico inicial. El riesgo de una recurrencia es menor del 30 %.

Las mujeres que se sometieron a cirugía con preservación de mama (lumpectomía) para CDIS sin terapia de radiación presentan alrededor de 25 a 30 % de riesgo de sufrir una recurrencia en algún momento en el futuro. Incluir la terapia de radiación en el plan de tratamiento luego de una cirugía disminuye el riesgo de recurrencia a un 15 % aproximadamente. Si el cáncer de mama regresa luego de un tratamiento previo de CDIS, la recurrencia es no invasiva (CDIS nuevamente) cerca de la mitad de las veces, e invasiva la otra mitad. (El CDIS en sí mismo es NO invasivo).

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