Tarea De La Unidad 1

l término neurosis fue propuesto

por el médico escocés William

Cullen en 1769 en referencia a los

trastornos sensoriales y motores

causados por enfermedades del

sistema nervioso. En psicología

clínica, el término se usa para

referirse a trastornos mentales

que distorsionan el pensamiento

racional y el funcionamiento a

nivel social, familiar y laboral

adecuado de las personas.

Existe una confusión generalizada

sobre el término “neurosis”. Por

un lado se aplica, como síntoma, a

un conjunto heterogéneo de

trastornos mentales que participan

de mecanismos inadaptativos

ligados a la ansiedad. Por otra

parte su uso popular (como sinónimo de “obsesión”, “excentricidad” o “nerviosismo”) ha

provocado su extensión a terrenos no estrictamente ligados a la enfermedad mental.

Generalidades

El término clásico hace referencia a un trastorno mental sin evidencia de lesión orgánica

que se caracteriza por la presencia de un nivel elevado de angustia y una hipertrofia

disruptiva de los mecanismos compensadores de la misma. El sujeto mantiene un adecuado

nivel de introspección y conexión con la realidad, pero presenta la necesidad de desarrollar

conductas repetitivas y en muchos casos inadaptativas con objeto de disminuir el nivel de

estrés. Se trata, en realidad, de un rasgo caracterial que acompaña al sujeto durante toda

su vida, de gravedad muy variable, desde grados leves y controlables hasta situaciones

gravemente incapacitantes que pueden llegar a precisar hospitalización.

Los especialistas afirman que, para protegerse de la angustia, las personas recurren a

mecanismos de defensa como la represión, la proyección, la negación, la intelectualización

y el desplazamiento, entre otros. Cuando se observan patrones crónicos de mala adaptación

que simulen una neurosis, es posible que se trate de un trastorno de personalidad. Para

identificar la neurosis, existen distintas pruebas psicológicas. Neurosis 2

Historia de la neurosis

Fuga. Wassily Kandinsky. El arte

procede de una necesidad interna del

alma. Kandinsky opinaba que el

desequilibrio conducía a la creación.

El origen del término “neurosis” se encuentra a finales

del siglo XVIII aunque su máximo uso se circunscribe al

XIX, en plena eclosión de la especialidad psiquiátrica,

siendo empleado originalmente para describir cualquier

trastorno del sistema nervioso. El médico escocés

William Cullen publica en 1769 su obra Synopsis

nosologiae methodicae, refiriéndose con el término

“neurosis” a un trastorno general del sistema nervioso,

sin fiebre ni otras lesiones orgánicas demostrables, y

capaz de alterar las capacidades sensitivas y motoras

del individuo, mezclándose en este concepto patologías

tan dispares como mareos y desmayos, el tétanos, la

rabia, las crisis histéricas, la “melancolía”

(posteriormente denominada depresión) o la manía.

Sigmund Freud desarrolló diversos trabajos en relación

con la histeria y los trastornos obsesivos, publicados

entre 1892 y 1899, sentando las bases psicogénicas de lo que él denominó psiconeurosis. A

partir de sus trabajos se elaboró una clasificación, ya en desuso, que distinguía varios tipos

de neurosis (en función de la expresión final de los síntomas provocados por el síntoma

nuclear de la angustia): Neurosis de angustia, neurosis fóbicas, neurosis

obsesivo-compulsivas, neurosis depresivas, neurosis neurasténicas, neurosis de

despersonalización, neurosis hipocondríacas y neurosis histéricas. El principal interés de

Freud se centró en lo que denominó “neurosis de angustia”, descrita en torno a un estado

de elevada excitabilidad del paciente expresada como “espera angustiosa” sobre la que el

sujeto elabora expectativas funestas de futuro basadas en simbolismos (determinado sonido

significa que un familiar acaba de morir, un gesto inapropiado acarreará mala suerte…).

Para Freud el paciente posee un caudal de angustia que permanentemente se va

depositando en forma de miedos, fobias, ataques de angustia (taquicardia, taquipnea,

sudoración…), etc En 1909 Pierre Janet publica “Las neurosis”, obra en la que establece el

concepto de “enfermedad funcional” frente al modelo anatómico-fisiológico. Desarrolla así

el paradigma médico que basa el daño no en la alteración física del órgano, sino en su

función. Las funciones superiores, adaptativas, provocan cuando se ven alteradas o

disminuidas, un estado “neurasténico” (o de “nerviosismo”) en el que se sobreexpresan

otros estados inferiores como la agitación o la histeria.Neurosis 3

Aspectos clínicos

El término neurosis fue abandonado por la psicología científica y la psiquiatría.

Concretamente, la O.M.S. (CIE-10) y la A.P.A. (DSM-IV-TR) han cambiado la nomenclatura

internacional para referirse a estos cuadros clínicos como trastornos, entre los que se

incluyen:

1. Trastornos depresivos (distimia, ciclotimia, episodios depresivos leves, moderados o

graves (con o sin síntomas somáticos))

2. Trastornos de ansiedad (fobias, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, agorafobia, crisis de

angustia, trastorno por estrés postraumático, trastorno de ansiedad generalizada)

3. Trastornos somatoformes (dismorfofobia, trastorno de conversión, hipocondría, dolor

somatoforme, trastorno de somatización)

4. Trastornos disociativos (trastorno de personalidad múltiple, fuga y amnesia

psicógenas, trastorno de despersonalización, trance y posesión)

5. Trastornos sexuales:

1. Parafilias (exhibicionismo, fetichismo, froteurismo, pederastia, masoquismo, sadismo,

travestismo, voyeurismo)

2. Disfunciones sexuales (deseo inhibido, aversión al sexo, anorgasmia, impotencia,

eyaculación precoz, dispareunia, vaginismo)

6. Trastornos del sueño (insomnio, hipersomnia, parasomnias, terrores nocturnos,

sonambulismo, disomnia)

7. Trastornos facticios

8. Trastornos del control de impulsos (cleptomanía, trastorno explosivo intermitente,

ludopatía, piromanía, tricotilomanía)

9. Trastornos adaptativos

10. Factores psicológicos que afectan al estado físico

11. Trastornos de la personalidad

12. Códigos V (simulación, problemas interpersonales, duelo patológico, problemas

funcionales, rol de enfermo, etc.)

La neurosis y el arte

A partir de los trabajos de Freud y Jung sobre la utilidad del simbolismo en la revelación del

inconsciente se han desarrollado múltiples tesis sobre la influencia de la psicopatología (y

especialmente las neurosis) en la actividad creativa o artística. Para Jung el artista

"desvelaba" arquetipos ayudando al observador del fenómeno artístico a comprender el

universo.[1] Y a través de esa propiedad elaboró toda una estrategia terapéutica basada en

el valor simbólico del proceso artístico (capaz de revelar los procesos psíquicos del paciente

y de ayudar al terapeuta). La escuela psicoanalítica posterior ha seguido ahondando en esta

línea terapéutica.Neurosis 4

Bibliografía

• Vidal G, Bleichmar H, Usandivaras R. Enciclopedia de Psiquiatría. Buenos Aires: El

Ateneo, 1977

• Freud S. Obras Completas. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1967

• Janet P. Les Nevroses. Paris: Flammarion, 1909

• Cabrera J, García S, Heerlein A, Ojeda C, Rentería P. El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo.

Santiago de Chile: Sociedad de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Neurocirugía, 1996

• López-Ibor JJ. Las neurosis como enfermedades del ánimo. Madrid: Gredos, 1966

• Vallejo R., Manual de Psicología clínica

Referencias

[1] Carl Gustav Jung. Recuerdos, sueños y pensamientos. Seix Barrall. 2005

Véase también

• Neurosis (psicoanálisis)

• Neurosis hipocondríaca

• Neurosis neurasténica

• Ansiedad

• Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo

• Depresión

• Fobia

• Psicoanálisis

• DSM IV-TR

Enlaces externos

Wikiquote

• Wikiquote alberga frases célebres de Neurosis.

• El trastorno psicológico en el artista:¿mito o realidad? (http://www.iacat.com/revista/

recrearte/recrearte02/romo01.htm)Neurosis 5

Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo

Neurosis Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=26816663 Contribuyentes: Airunp, Alejandro nagy, Alhen, Amadís, AstroNomo, Butoro,

Cookie, Delphidius, Dodo, EWaOaWe, Elwikipedista, Emijrp, Filipogs, Garber, Humberto, Jmieres, Julie, Karshan, Krosto, LP, Lapera, Larocka, Majoleta,

Mcagliani, Paua, Pilaf, PoLuX124, Rafa sanz, Shosta, Silverstein78, Snakeyes, SpeedyGonzalez, Xabier, Zupez zeta, 80 ediciones anónimasNeurosis 6

Fuentes de imagen, Licencias y

contribuyentes

Imagen:Oliva.jpg Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Oliva.jpg Licencia: desconocido Contribuyentes: AndreasPraefcke, BeŻet,

Diligent, Goatee, Gryffindor, Juiced lemon, KillOrDie, Kilom691, Liftarn, Mattes, Olivier2, Sapfan, Temely, 4 ediciones anónimas

Imagen:Fugue.JPG Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Fugue.JPG Licencia: desconocido Contribuyentes: Edgar Allan Poe,

Lupo, Syrcro

Image:Spanish Wikiquote.SVG Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Spanish_Wikiquote.SVG Licencia: logo Contribuyentes:

User:James.mcd.nzLicencia 7

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