Leyes De Marketing

Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service.

Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and customer relationship management that also benefits the organization. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer behavior and providing superior customer value. From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships.

Marketing may be defined in several ways, depending on the role of the advertised enterprise in relation to the strategic role in positioning the firm within its competitive market. The main definition is often credited to Philip Kotler, recognized as the originator of the most recent developments in the field, for the works that appeared from 1967 to 2009, with the latest work born from the last economic crisis: Chaotics.

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 Earlier approaches

1.2 Contemporary approaches

2 Customer orientation

2.1 Organizational orientation

2.1.1 Herd behavior

2.1.2 Further orientations

3 Marketing research

3.1 Marketing environment

3.2 Market segmentation

3.3 Types of market research

4 Types of marketing

5 Marketing planning

5.1 Marketing strategy

5.2 Positioning

6 Buying behavior

6.1 B2C buying behavior

6.2 B2B buying behavior

7 Use of technologies

8 Services marketing

9 Right-time marketing

10 Guerrilla Marketing

11 See also

12 References

13 Bibliography

13.1 Works cited

14 External links

History[edit]

The origins of the concept of marketing have their roots with the Italian economist Giancarlo Pallavicini in 1959.[1] These roots are accompanied by the initial in-depth market research, constituting the first instruments of what became the modern marketing, resumed and developed at a later time by Philip Kotler. Giancarlo Pallavicini introduces, the following definitions: Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process designed to meet the needs and requirements of consumers through the processes of creating and exchanging products and values. It is the art and science of identifying, creating and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market, making a profit : delivery of satisfaction at a price.

Earlier approaches[edit]

The marketing orientation evolved from earlier orientations, namely, the production orientation, the product orientation and the selling orientation.[2][3]

Orientation Profit driver Western European timeframe Description

Production[3] Production methods until the 1950s A firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale until the minimum efficient scale is reached. A production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes will not rapidly alter (similar to the sales orientation).

Product[3] Quality of the product until the 1960s A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product. A firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product.

Selling[3] Selling methods 1950s and 1960s A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, and not determining new consumer desires as such. Consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible.

Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, with little likelihood of changes in consumer tastes that would diminish demand.

Marketing[3] Needs and wants of customers 1970s to the present day The 'Customer orientation' is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, and thus supplying products to suit new consumer tastes. As an example, a firm would employ market research to gauge consumer desires, use R&D (research and development) to develop a product attuned to the revealed information, and then utilize promotion techniques to ensure persons know the product exists. R&D companies often parallel customer orientation with R&D phases to ensure the desired customer specifications are produced. Customization Maximization (similar to profit maximization in economics,) is the measurable approach to more efficiently sustaining specific customer needs, in effort to maximize the customization of the product or service offered to the customer, by the measure of data relating to responses, feedback, and elasticity.

Holistic Marketing[4] Everything matters in marketing 21st century The holistic marketing concept looks at marketing as a complex activity and acknowledges that everything matters in marketing - and that a broad and integrated perspective is necessary in developing, designing and implementing marketing programs and activities. The four components that characterize holistic marketing are relationship marketing, internal marketing, integrated marketing, and socially responsive marketing. Market segmentation and positioning have increased the divergence of society, further

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