Ciclo de vida de las empresas

[pic 1][pic 2]INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE COMERCIO Y ADMINISTRACIÓN

ESCA SANTO TOMÁS

UNIDAD                                                                                 DE APRENDIZAJE:

THE MEXICAN ECONOMY IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT

TAREA: Essay: Mexico in the Global Context  (Questions  1, 2 y 3)

P R E S E N T A:

PACHECO NAVARRO ALVARO ABDIEL

Grupo: 2AM2

This report offers an interesting study that allows the comparative analysis of development among eight countries, four of which have managed to get out of backwardness and four that have not been successful. Among the first are Denmark, Sweden, Japan and Italy and among the second are Brazil, India, Nigeria and Mexico.

        The selected countries are different from each other and at the same time there are certain similarities, for example, looking for coincident features between Sweden and Japan would be a very difficult task, however, they are cohesive countries that have been disciplined for centuries by dynasties.

        The analytical system has been based on a tight historical synthesis of each one of these countries sharply highlighting the factors that have intervened in their development or in their economic setbacks.

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Continuous globalization process in states and countries

        It is important to highlight that three of the models developed are located in Europe, in extreme parts: Denmark, Sweden and Italy, forced to live together, which motivated multiple relationships even when they were warlike; while Japan remained in isolation until it warned that its integrity was being threatened, which motivated it to seek its development; acceleration that also occurs in Italy, despite the fact that national integration is late. Italy does not have the solidity that is maintained in Denmark, for example, which, based on family farms and exporting their products, organizes itself very early on in cooperatives and bases its economy on agriculture and only a little on industry, which is not multiple, but strong.

Sweden, after having been a barbarian country, consolidated as a nation from 1523 with the Vasa dynasty and achieved a rate of development that led it to be a pioneering country in socialism that can be described as spontaneous. Among the factors that the author considers important is the economic transformation that began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, when the Socialist Party and the Great

        Confederation of Swedish Workers (LO) -1898- that work for universal suffrage and being depositories of extraordinary confidence makes that, of 16 unions with 37 thousand members, in 1899, in 1929 with 36 unions they unionize 500 thousand workers and add 2 million in 1994. Cooperativism has been widely accepted since 1870 and has expanded in all areas.

        The moral that Pipitone highlights in the Italian case is that the easy part is the economy, the difficult part is politics. Political investment and consolidation of political structures are required.

        Japan is distinguished from Denmark and Sweden by its military development parallel to the economic one, by making war its main business and its lever of development, and working with an expansionist obsession that turns it into a protective shield against foreign empires, however, the Militarism is not the way out of backwardness, but others such as the capacity demonstrated since the Meiji dynasty to modernize and integrate nationally and make development a national ideology in which the elements of cohesion create conditions for the integration of the national market and with it the maintenance the standard of living of workers that began with the agrarian reform, then permanent employment among large companies and the long-term increase in real wages that have only had a maximum drop of 2 percent despite ultra-conservative periods, which which implies that political and economic control did not affect the material conditions of salaried workers s.

        The Italian unification (1861-1870) for its part finds a budgetary imbalance, internal and external debts and the expenses of its war, however, it accelerates its growth in two stages, between 1895 and 1915. It develops the steel industry, the textile industry, it promotes private initiative protecting it from international competition and as a result companies like Olivetti, Fiat, Alfa, for example, appear. The producers of capital goods are the ones who have assumed a vanguard role in the steel industry, also promoted by the government.

        Society is not educated for negotiation, real wages have been the same since unification, days are 12 hours, there are no unions and strikes are prohibited from 1864 to 1889, factors that motivate social struggles, unionization and the creation of the communist party by russian influence. In 1891 the first Camara di lavoro was organized. In 1895, 126 strikes broke out, in 1901 there were more than 1,000 and almost 2,000 in 1907.

The moral that Pipitone highlights in the Italian case is that the easy part is the economy, the difficult part is politics. Political investment and consolidation of political structures are required.

It is possible that the growing demand for foreign workers with specific skills, as seen in the migration policies of developed countries, contributes to perpetuating and deepening the gaps that separate the industrialized world from developing countries. Although the importation of human capital carried out by developed countries has serious consequences for the countries of origin (brain drain), the gradual creation of a global market of highly qualified human resources can mitigate its effects to the extent that it promotes the circulation and the exchange of human resources and the transfer of scientific and technological knowledge. Immigrant organizations in the main receiving countries, among others those that have emerged in the United States, constitute reference frameworks to strengthen collective identity, and enable the globalization of their cultural expressions and the diffusion of their products in the receiving societies. These organizations contribute to the maintenance of close ties with the immigrants' areas of origin, one of the most important of which is the sending of remittances. The use, the origin, the mobilization channels and the real and potential effects of these for the development of the receiving communities have only been partially evaluated and the policies on the matter are still scarce.

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