The emotions

UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA SAN JUAN BAUTISTA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE PSICOLOGÍA

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LRPD 3

Asignatura:

INGLES TECNICO

Docente:

LUCIA BEATRIZ MENDOZA LARICO

Estudiantes:

Adel Felipe Quintanilla Pariona

2023

INDICE

UNIDAD I        1

THE EMOTIONS        1

Characteristics of emotions:        1

The Neuroanatomical Structures of Emotions        2

The Wheel Of Emotions        3

List of emotions        3

Joy        4

Sadness        4

Fear        4

Anger        4

Surprise        4

Disgust        5

How to identify your emotions        5

CONCLUSION:        5

UNIDAD II        6

International precedent        6

National precedent        7

UNIDAD III        8

References:        10

UNIDAD I

THE EMOTIONS

CONCEPT: Emotions are automatic and adaptive responses that are activated in the body when a situation of danger, threat, or imbalance is detected. As stated in (http://sauce.pntic.mec.es/falcon/emociones.pdf), these emotional mechanisms help us react quickly to unexpected events. Each emotion prepares the body for a specific response; for example, fear increases the heart rate to facilitate escape.

It's important to note that emotional experience varies from person to person, depending on their previous experiences and learning as well as their current situation. Some of the physiological and behavioral reactions triggered by emotions are innate, while others can be acquired. Often, we learn about emotions by observing the people in our environment, underscoring the relevance of parents and teachers as role models for their children and students in this regard.

Characteristics of emotions:

The text presents the distinctive characteristics of emotions:

1. Subjectivity: Emotions are personal and subjective experiences, uniquely interpreted by each individual based on their experiences and perceptions.

2. Response to stimuli: Emotions are activated in response to internal or external stimuli, such as events, thoughts, or memories relevant to emotional well-being.

3. Physiological response: Emotions are often accompanied by physical changes, such as an increase in heart rate, sweating, muscle tension, and facial expressions, which are integral parts of the emotional experience.

4. Variable duration: Emotions can be brief or prolonged, depending on the intensity of the stimulus and individual management. Some are fleeting, while others can last for hours or days.

5. Adaptive function: Emotions help evaluate and respond to situations, facilitating decision-making and adaptation to the environment. For example, fear alerts to dangers, while happiness reinforces positive behaviors.

The Neuroanatomical Structures of Emotions

The most prominent areas that have been studied in relation to their involvement in emotions include the limbic system, the cingulate cortex, and the neocortex.

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM: It refers to a set of subcortical structures that play a fundamental role in regulating emotions. This system includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus, along with other structures.

THE AMYGDALA: It's a structure involved in functional processes related to emotions, establishing connections with other structures, both subcortical and cortical, through an intricate network of neurons. Research supports the theory that the amygdala plays a role in three fundamental aspects of emotion. First, it acts as a mediator in the influence of memory formation by releasing stress hormones. This underscores the importance of this structure in memory consolidation and how memories are infused with emotional components that facilitate their storage and later retrieval. The second functional level of the amygdala is related to recognizing facial expressions with emotional connotations. The third functional level of the amygdala refers to the process of emotion-related fear conditioning. (González, 2015)

THE CINGULATE CORTEX: The anterior region of the cingulate cortex is located above the corpus callosum. This structure is associated with the integration of various functions of the nervous system, including emotions. Like the amygdala, it plays a role in the experience of negative emotions such as fear and sadness. Additionally, it is involved in the processing and recognition of emotional facial expressions, which influences changes in social behavior.

THE NEOCORTEX: It plays an extremely relevant role in emotions, as in the past, emotional functions were exclusively associated with subcortical structures. However, nowadays, the neocortex plays a crucial role in emotional regulation and conditioning processes. The cerebral cortex can be subdivided into different areas.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS: which is involved in the physiological activation resulting from the responses triggered by emotions.

THE CINGULATE GYRUS: which is closely related to memories through the association of odors.

The Wheel Of Emotions

It is known as the "Wheel of Emotions," which uses various categories to represent the emotions we experience at a specific moment. Although the Wheel of Emotions, like other diagrams related to feelings, is not infallible, it serves as a valuable guide as we explore and understand our emotions. "Considering that emotions are characterized by their great versatility: they appear and disappear rapidly; their polarity: they can be positive or negative; and their complexity: they involve physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and conscious factors" (Rosenzweig and Leiman, 1994).

List of emotions

We will explore in detail each subcategory of the main categories and define them so that you can recognize them within yourself.

Joy

Happiness is an emotion characterized by a feeling of joy, delight, or contentment. It arises from positive experiences, successes, or favorable outcomes and can range from satisfaction to profound happiness, adding optimism and enthusiasm to existence.

Sadness

Sadness is a complex feeling that originates from situations of loss, disappointment, or failure. It can be expressed through emotions such as melancholy, isolation, hopelessness, or sorrow, and although it involves difficult moments, it can also be an opportunity for personal development and the expansion of our emotions.

Fear

Fear is a fundamental emotion that arises in response to the perception of danger or threat, generating feelings of unease, extreme fear, or terror. While crucial for survival, when it becomes intense or persistent, it can cause discomfort and hinder someone's ability to function effectively.

Anger

Anger is a powerful emotion that arises when errors or injustices are perceived. Although it can manifest mildly as irritation or intensely as outrage, it functions as an indicator that boundaries have been crossed, which can motivate a protective response or stimulate the need for change.

Surprise

Surprise is a sensation that occurs when we encounter unexpected or innovative situations, generating responses that range from bewilderment to satisfaction. This emotional impact has the power to change our previous beliefs or routines, inviting us to adapt, reconsider, and accept the uncertainty of existence.

Disgust

Disgust is an intense emotional reaction that provokes aversion or avoidance of stimuli that are unpleasant, offensive, or harmful. From a mild sense of disgust to deep repulsion, this emotion plays a protective role, keeping us away from situations or substances that could be harmful.

How to identify your emotions

What is your emotional state today?

Sometimes, you may notice that this simple question has a straightforward answer. You may be experiencing happiness, contentment, sadness, or excitement. However, at other times, this question may not have a clear answer. Perhaps you feel anxious, but you cannot determine if it's positive or negative anxiety. You might be experiencing happiness, but it's accompanied by a sense of guilt that prevents you from fully enjoying it.

Identifying our emotions is not always easy, but it is a fundamental aspect of understanding how people think and behave. Various cognitive theories explore how emotions influence our thought process and the decisions we make. Therefore, it is not surprising that psychologists seek to deeply understand how we recognize our emotions and how they influence our behaviors and attitudes.

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