El maltrato a los niños

Child abuse

Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child or children.[1] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department for Children and Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[2] Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.

In Western countries, preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed laws and policies exist to address this issue. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".[3]

Douglas J. Besharov, the first Director of the U.S. Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, states "the existing laws are often vague and overly broad"[4] and there is a "lack of consensus among professionals and Child Protective Services (CPS) personnel about what the terms abuse and neglect mean".[5] Susan Orr, former head of the United States Children's Bureau U.S. Department of Health and Services Administration for Children and Families, 2001–2007, states that "much that is now defined as child abuse and neglect does not merit governmental interference".[6]

Types

Child abuse can take several forms:[7] the four main types are physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect.[8] According to the 2010 Child Maltreatment Report (NCANDS), a yearly Federal report based on submission by state Child Protective Services (CPS) Agencies in the U.S., "as in prior years, neglect was the most common form of maltreatment." The cases were substantiated as follows: neglect 78.3%, physical abuse 17.6%, sexual abuse 9.2%, and psychological maltreatment 8.1%.,[9] According to Richard Wexler, the Director of the U.S. National Coalition of Child Protection Reform, of "those labeled "substantiated" or "indicated" by protective workers, relatively few are the kind that leap to mind when we hear the words "child abuse". By far the largest category was "neglect". Often, these are cases in which the primary problem is family poverty."[10]

Physical abuse

Physical abuse involves physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. Most nations with child-abuse laws consider the deliberate infliction of serious injuries, or actions that place the child at obvious risk of serious injury or death, to be illegal. Bruises, scratches, burns, broken bones, lacerations, as well as repeated "mishaps," and rough treatment that could cause physical injury, can be physical abuse.[11] Multiple injuries or fractures at different stages of healing can raise suspicion of abuse. Physical abuse can come in many forms, although the distinction between child discipline and abuse is often poorly defined. However, the Human Rights Committee of theUnited Nations has stated that the prohibition of degrading treatment or punishment extends to corporal punishment of children.[12]Since 1979, 34 countries around the world (at 2013) have outlawed domestic corporal punishment of children.[13] In Europe, 22 countries have banned the practice. Cultural norms about what constitutes abuse vary widely: among professionals as well as the wider public, people do not agree on what behaviors constitute abuse.[14] Some professionals claim that cultural norms that sanction physical punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms.[15][16][17] Psychologist Alice Miller, noted for her books on child abuse, took the view that humiliations, spankings and beatings, slaps in the face, etc. are all forms of abuse, because they injure the integrity and dignity of a child, even if their consequences are not visible right away.[18]

Sexual abuse

Main articles: Child sexual abuse and child-on-child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[19] Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act.[11][20] Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.[19][21][22] Selling the sexual services of children may be viewed and treated as child abuse with services offered to the child rather than simple incarceration.[23]

Effects of child sexual abuse on the victim(s) include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression,[24] post-traumatic stress disorder,[25] anxiety,[26] other mental illnesses including borderline personality disorder[27] and dissociative identity disorder,[27] propensity to re-victimization in adulthood,[28] bulimia nervosa,[29] and physical injury to the child, among other problems.[30]

In the United States, approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.[31][32][33][34][35] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbours; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases.[31] In over one-third of cases, the perpetrator is also a minor.[36]

In 1999 the BBC reported on the RAHI Foundation's survey of sexual abuse in India, in which 76% of respondents said they had been abused as children, 40% of those stating the purpetrator was a family member.[37]

Psychological/emotional abuse

Main article: Emotional abuse

Emotional abuse is defined as the production of psychological and social defects in the growth of a child as a result of behavior such as loud yelling, coarse and rude attitude, inattention, harsh criticism, and denigration of the child's personality.[11] Other examples include name-calling, ridicule, degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or killing of a pet, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding communication, and routine labeling or humiliation.[38]

Victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser. Emotional abuse can result in abnormal or disrupted attachment development, a tendency for victims to blame themselves (self-blame) for the abuse, learned helplessness, and overly passive behavior.[38]

Effects

Child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but it is also strongly associated with associated with developmental issues[43] and with many chronic physical and psychological effects, including subsequent ill-health, including higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviors and shortened lifespan.[44][45]

Maltreated children may grow up to be maltreating adults.[46][47][48] A 1991 source reported that studies indicate that 90 percent of maltreating adults were maltreated as children.[49]Almost 7 million American infants receive child care services, such as day care, and much of that care is poor.[43]

There are four different types of child abuse:

• physical abuse

• sexual abuse

• emotional abuse

• neglect.

What do I need to know about child abuse?

Child abuse is common. The newspapers and TV news are sofull of reports about child mistreatment that you cannot helpbut wonder how safe your child really is. Although it is amistake to become overprotective and make your child fearful,it is important to recognize the actual risks and familiarizeyourself with the signs of abuse. Approximately three millioncases of child abuse and neglect involving almost 5.5 millionchildren are reported each year. The majority of cases reported to Child Protective Servicesinvolve neglect, followed by physical and sexual abuse. There is considerable overlapamong children who are abused, with many suffering a combination of physical abuse,sexual abuse, and/or neglect.

Most child abuse occurs within the family. Risk factors include parental depression or othermental health issues, a parental history of childhood abuse, and domestic violence. Childneglect and mistreatment is also more common in families living in poverty and amongparents who are teenagers or are drug or alcohol abusers. Although it is certainly true thatchild abuse occurs outside the home, most often children are abused by a caregiver orsomeone they

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