MARKETING

Marketing is communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customers, for the purpose of promoting or selling that product, service, or brand.

Marketing techniques include choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer behavior and advertising a product's value to the customer.

From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society's material requirements and its economic patterns of response.

Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long-term relationships.

Marketing blends art and applied science (such as behavioural sciences) and makes use of information technology.

Marketing is applied in enterprise and organizations through marketing management.

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 Earlier approaches

1.2 Contemporary approaches

2 Customer orientation

2.1 Organizational orientation

2.1.1 Herd behavior

2.1.2 Further orientations

3 Marketing research

3.1 Marketing environment

3.2 Market segmentation

3.3 Types of market research

4 Types of marketing

5 Marketing planning

5.1 Marketing strategy

5.2 Positioning

6 Buying behavior

6.1 B2C buying behavior

6.2 B2B buying behavior

7 Marketing roles

7.1 B2B Marketing roles

8 Use of technologies

9 Services marketing

10 Right-time marketing

11 Guerrilla marketing

12 See also

13 References

14 Bibliography

15 External links

History[edit]

Earlier approaches[edit]

The marketing orientation evolved from earlier orientations, namely, the production orientation, the product orientation and the selling orientation.[1][2]

Orientation Profit driver Western European timeframe Description

Production[2] Production methods until the 1950s A firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale until the minimum efficient scale is reached. A production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes will not rapidly alter (similar to the sales orientation).

Product[2] Quality of the product until the 1960s A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product. A firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product.

Selling[2] Selling methods 1950s and 1960s A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, and not determining new consumer desires as such. Consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible.

Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, with little likelihood of changes in consumer tastes that would diminish demand.

Marketing[2] Needs and wants of customers 1970s to the present day The 'Customer orientation' is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, and thus supplying products to suit new consumer tastes. As an example, a firm would employ market research to gauge consumer desires, use R&D (research and development) to develop a product attuned to the revealed information, and then utilize promotion techniques to ensure persons know the product exists. R&D companies often parallel customer orientation with R&D phases to ensure the desired customer specifications are produced. Customization Maximization (similar to profit maximization in economics,) is the measurable approach to more efficiently sustaining specific customer needs, in effort to maximize the customization of the product or service offered to the customer, by the measure of data relating to responses, feedback, and elasticity.

Holistic Marketing[3] Everything matters in marketing 21st century The holistic marketing concept looks at marketing as a complex activity and acknowledges that everything matters in marketing - and that a broad and integrated perspective is necessary in developing, designing and implementing marketing programs and activities. The four components that characterize holistic marketing are relationship marketing, internal marketing, integrated marketing, and socially responsive marketing. Market segmentation and positioning have increased the divergence of society, further segregating and preventing a holistic population. Holistic Marketing helps converge the segments in an approach to improve the entire market through social responsibility and convergence. Holistic marketing disengages the political marketing activities of "divide and conquer", or market segmentation.

Contemporary approaches[edit]

Recent approaches in marketing include relationship marketing with focus on the customer, business marketing or industrial marketing with focus on an organization or institution and social marketing with focus on benefits to society.[4] Newer forms of marketing also use the internet and are therefore called internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, online marketing, "digital marketing", search engine marketing, or desktop advertising. It attempts to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely,

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